Sir Richard Arkwright

Japanese: アークライト - あーくらいと(英語表記)Sir Richard Arkwright
Sir Richard Arkwright

An inventor and entrepreneur during the British Industrial Revolution. Known for inventing the water-powered spinning frame. Born on December 23rd, he was the youngest of 13 children (some say 7) from a poor family in Preston, Lancashire. He became an apprentice to a barber and later opened a business in Boulton, where he also made wigs. He became interested in spinning machines in the late 1760s, and in 1768 he invented a spinning machine driven by a common power source, combining a mechanism for stretching roving yarn using several sets of rollers with different rotation speeds with the twisting and winding mechanism of a flyer spindle, a type of traditional spinning wheel, and obtained a patent for it in 1769. This spinning machine is currently on display at the Science Museum in London, but at the time, Hargreaves' spinning jenny was limited to producing weft threads, a discontinuous process that required manual skill, whereas this spinning jenny was capable of producing warp threads.It had limitations in that it was not suitable for producing fine threads, such as making the process continuous, eliminating the need for skill, and opening up the possibility of mass production using power other than human power.However, it was the first full-scale spinning machine.

The factory he opened in Nottingham in 1768 was horse-powered, but Cromford Mill in Derbyshire, which opened in 1771, was a large factory powered by water. This is where the name water-powered spinning machine comes from. Mechanizing the spinning process required mechanizing the pre-spinning process to enable a large supply of even raw roving yarn, so he took on this challenge, inventing the carding machine and drawing machine, and obtaining a patent for them in 1775. He then operated large spinning mills in various locations, mainly in Derbyshire, that were equipped with mechanical systems that organically combined and arranged these machines and were driven by a common power source, and he became a representative entrepreneur of the Industrial Revolution. In 1790, he also attempted to introduce steam engines as a way to power his factories.

His originality in inventing his machines was disputed at the time, and his patent was invalidated in 1785 as a result of an action by a Lancashire cotton merchant who opposed his monopoly. However, although the idea was someone else's, he is still credited with making the machine practical, and with the founding and successful management of the modern factory system. The revocation of his patent did not harm his business, and he was knighted in 1786 and appointed Sheriff of Derbyshire in 1787. He died at Cromford on 3 August 1792.

[Gorou Mizuno]

"The Image of an Entrepreneur in the Industrial Revolution: A Biography of Cotton King Ackley" by Yoshitaka Komatsu (1979, Waseda University Press)

[References] | Steam engines | Textile industry | Hargreaves | Spinning industry | Cotton weaving industry

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イギリス産業革命期の発明家、企業家。水力紡績機(ウォーター・フレーム)の発明で知られる。12月23日、ランカシャーのプレストンの貧家の13人兄弟(7人ともいわれる)の末子として生まれる。理髪師の徒弟となり、のちにボールトンで開業、かつらの製作も兼営した。1760年代後半から紡績機に関心をもち、1768年、回転速度の異なる数組のローラーによる粗糸の引伸し機構と、旧来の紡車の一種のフライヤー紡錘の撚(よ)りかけ・巻取りの機構とを組み合わせ、共通の動力で駆動する紡績機を考案し、1769年特許を取得した。この紡績機は現在ロンドンの科学博物館に展示されているが、当時、ハーグリーブスのジェニー紡績機が横糸生産に限られ、工程が断続的で手工業的熟練を必要としたのに対し、これは縦糸生産が可能で、工程の連続化、熟練の不要化、人力以外の動力使用による大量生産の可能性を開いた点など、細糸生産には適さないという限界をもつものの、最初の本格的な紡績機であった。

 1768年にノッティンガムに開設した工場の動力は馬であったが、1771年開設のダービーシャーのクロムフォード工場は水力を動力とする大工場であった。水力紡績機の名称はこれに由来する。紡績工程の機械化は、むらのない原料粗糸の大量供給を可能とする前紡工程の機械化を必要としたため、この課題に取り組み、梳綿機(そめんき)、練条機(れんじょうき)などを考案し、1775年に特許を取得した。以後、これらの機械を有機的に結合、配置し、共通の動力で駆動する機械体系を設備した大紡績工場をダービーシャーを中心に各地で経営し、産業革命期の代表的企業家となった。また、1790年には工場動力として蒸気機関の導入も試みた。

 一連の機械の発明に際しての彼の独創性については、その当時から異論があった。そのため彼の特許は、その独占に反対するランカシャーの綿業経営者との間の訴訟の結果、1785年に無効となった。しかし、その着想は他人のものであれ、これを実用に堪える機械に仕上げた点、および近代的工場制度の創始と経営管理の成功は彼に帰すべきものである。特許の取消しも事業経営には打撃とはならず、1786年ナイトの称号を授けられ、1787年にはダービーシャーの州長官に任命された。1792年8月3日クロムフォードで没した。

[水野五郎]

『小松芳喬著『産業革命期の企業者像――綿業王アアクライト伝考』(1979・早稲田大学出版部)』

[参照項目] | 蒸気機関 | 繊維産業 | ハーグリーブス | 紡績工業 | 綿織物工業

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