Three-field system - Sanposei

Japanese: 三圃制 - さんぽせい

A farming method that was widely used in medieval Europe. It was a form of crop rotation that included livestock and fallowing. The entire cultivated land of a village was divided into three cultivated fields, one of which was left fallow, and the other two were planted with spring-sown (barley, oats, etc.) or autumn-sown (wheat, rye, etc.) grains, which were then planted in succession. Each farmer was assigned a small, long, narrow plot suitable for plowing, but there were no partitions at the boundaries, which is why it is called the open-field system. Separately, meadows, pastures, and forests surrounded the cultivated land as common land, and the process of farming and fallowing was forcibly controlled by the feudal lord system and village communities. In the early modern period, legumes and root vegetables began to be cultivated on the fallow land, and this is called the improved three-field farming system. The three-field system made better use of land than the previous two-field system, and guaranteed relatively high agricultural productivity for several hundred years due to factors such as leaving the land fallow, maintaining soil fertility through livestock manure, and the introduction of efficient ploughing. From the end of the Middle Ages onwards, it declined with the improvement of agricultural techniques and the weakening of village communities, and was eventually wiped out by the Agricultural Revolution.
→ Related topics Grain farming | Mixed farming | Agriculture | Fields

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

中世ヨーロッパで広く行われた農法。有畜で，休閑地を含む輪作の一形式。村の全耕地が三つの耕圃に分割され，一つは休閑地とされ，他の２耕圃にはそれぞれ春播き（大麦，エンバクなど）あるいは秋播き（小麦，ライムギなど）の穀物などが植え付けられ，これらが順次繰り返された。個々の農民には犂耕(りこう)に適するよう細長い形にした小区画が割り当てられたが，境目には仕切が設けられなかったので開放耕地制度と呼ばれている。別に採草地，放牧地，森林などが耕地を囲んで共有地としてあり，農耕・休閑などの過程は領主制や村落共同体により強制的に統制された。近世に入って，休閑地にもマメ科の牧草，根菜などを栽培するようになり，これは改良式三圃農法と呼ばれている。三圃式農法はそれ以前の二圃式農法に比べて土地の利用度が高く，休閑，家畜の糞(ふん)などによる土地肥沃度の保持，効率のよい犂耕の導入などから数百年にわたって相対的に高い農業生産力を保証した。中世末期以降，農業技術の改良や村落共同体の弱体化とともに衰退し，最終的には農業革命によって消滅した。
→関連項目穀草農法｜混合農業｜農業｜畑

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