Weismann, August (Friedrich Leopold)

Japanese: ワイスマン(英語表記)Weismann, August (Friedrich Leopold)
Weismann, August (Friedrich Leopold)
Born: January 17, 1834 in Frankfurt am Main
Died November 5, 1914. Freiburg. German zoologist. He studied medicine and chemistry at the University of Göttingen (1852-56) and became a doctor, but in 1861 he studied animal morphology and embryology under K. Leuckart at the University of Giessen. In 1863 he moved to the University of Freiburg, where he was a professor (1871-1912). The theory of germ plasm continuity, which has made his name immortal, was inspired by his previous observations of the reproduction of jellyfish. The gist of this theory is that the traits that characterize a species are transmitted through generations because the germ cells contain a substance that determines the trait and this substance is passed on from parents to offspring. This theory was systematized in Das Keimplasma (The Germ Plasma) in 1886. At a time when Mendel's law was not yet known to the public, he theoretically predicted that the germ plasm was halved during the formation of germ cells. He also linked his theory to the rapidly developing research results in cytology, and concluded that chromosomes are composed of germ plasm. The germ plasm continuity theory is seen as a theoretical precursor to the chromosomal theory of inheritance, but it lacks empirical support and contains points that were later shown to be incorrect. He agreed with C. Darwin's theory of evolution, but unlike Darwin, he did not accept the inheritance of acquired characteristics. To deny this possibility, he conducted an experiment in which he demonstrated that even if the tails of mice were cut off for five generations, the tails of subsequent mice did not become shorter. At the time, this was a powerful argument against the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1834.1.17. フランクフルトアムマイン
[没]1914.11.5. フライブルク
ドイツの動物学者。ゲッティンゲン大学で医学と化学を学び (1852~56) ,いったんは医者になったが,1861年よりギーセン大学の K.ロイカルトのもとで動物形態学および発生学を研究。 63年にフライブルク大学に移り,同大学教授 (71~1912) 。彼の名を不朽にしている生殖質連続説は,クラゲの生殖に関して以前に行なった観察がヒントとなって立てられたものである。この説の骨子は,種を特徴づける形質が世代を通じて伝達されるのは,形質を決定する物質が生殖細胞に含まれていて,これが親から子へと伝えられるためであるというものであり,86年の『生殖質』 Das Keimplasmaで体系化される。メンデルの法則がまだ世に知られていなかった当時において,理論的考察によって生殖細胞形成の際に生殖質の半減が起ることを推測していた。また,急速に発展しつつあった細胞学の研究成果を自説に結びつけ,染色体が生殖質より構成されていると結論した。生殖質連続説は,遺伝の染色体説の理論的先駆ともみられているが,実証性をそなえておらず,またのちにまちがいであることが判明した個所を含んでいる。彼は,C.ダーウィンの進化論に賛同したが,ダーウィンとは異なって獲得形質の遺伝を認めず,その可能性を否定するためネズミの尾を5世代にわたって切断し続けてもそのあとで生れてくるネズミの尾は短くならないことを明らかにした実験を行なった。これは獲得形質遺伝を否定する論拠として,当時は強い説得力をもった。

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