Lausanne School - English spelling of Lausanne School

Japanese: ローザンヌ学派 - ろーざんぬがくは(英語表記)Lausanne school 英語
Lausanne School - English spelling of Lausanne School

This school of thought was founded by L. Walras, the first professor of economics at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland. It established the general equilibrium theory and had a wide-ranging influence on later generations of economics. Walras's main work, Elements of Pure Economics (1874-77), was initially focused on for its analysis of consumer demand based on the concept of scarcity, and it attracted attention as the simultaneous discovery of marginal utility theory along with the works of C. Menger, the founder of the Austrian School, and W. S. Jevons of England. It is also well-known that the works of these three people are considered to be the birth of modern economics. It was a long-awaited revival of theory, as opposed to the pursuit of facts that had long been the historical school after the classical school, and it was also the birth of an economic theory based on subjective value theory, as opposed to the objective value theory of the classical school. However, it soon became clear that the unique contribution of Walras's work was the establishment of general equilibrium theory, and that the theory of scarcity is not necessarily a theory of utility.

Thus, the Lausanne School is characterized by its general equilibrium theory. Walras's successor, V. Pareto, tried to establish a choice theory to replace utility theory and to popularize general equilibrium theory, which resulted in the later Lausanne School, which included M. Pantaleoni, E. Barone, and L. Amoroso in Italy, and E. Antonelli and F. Divisia in France. The influence of general equilibrium theory is wide and deep. In Austria, J. A. Schumpeter constructed a theory of economic development based on general equilibrium theory, K. Wicksell of Sweden, the founder of the Nordic school, expanded general equilibrium theory by introducing capital theory from the Austrian school, and in the United States, I. Fisher and H. L. Moore tried to conduct empirical analysis using general equilibrium theory. Then, J. R. Hicks' Value and Capital (1939) appeared. It was the culmination of general equilibrium theory and stimulated subsequent developments. That is, J. A. Mossack applied it to international economic theory, R. Triffin constructed monopoly theory, and D. Patinkin attempted to combine it with monetary theory. O. Lange and P. A. Samuelson presented the dynamic theory of stability conditions in contrast to Hicks's static theory of stability conditions, and in the field of econometrics, W. Leontief's input-output analysis and M. A. Copeland's money flow analysis were born.

[Toyosaburo Sato]

"History of Modern Economic Doctrines" by T. Hutchison, translated by Nagamori Yoshito et al. (1957, Toyo Keizai Shinposha)""The Collected Works of Yasui Takuma, three volumes (1970-71, Sobunsha)""Elements of Pure Economics" by L. Walras, translated by Tezuka Juro, two volumes (Iwanami Bunko)""General Equilibrium Analysis" by K.J. Arrow and F. Hahn, translated by Fukuoka Masao and Kawamata Kunio (1976, Iwanami Shoten)"

[References] | Equilibrium theory (economics) | History of economic theory | Walras

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

スイスのローザンヌ大学の経済学の講座の初代教授L・ワルラスを創始者とする学派であって、一般均衡理論を確立し、後代の経済学に多彩な影響を与えた。ワルラスの主著『純粋経済学要論』(1874~77)は、当初は、そのなかで展開された希少性という概念に基づく消費者需要の分析が着目されて、オーストリア学派の始祖C・メンガーおよびイギリスのW・S・ジェボンズの著作とともに、限界効用理論の同時発見として注目を集めた。この3人の著作が近代経済学の誕生であるとされていることもまた有名である。それは、古典学派以後長く続いた歴史学派の事実の追求に対して、久しぶりの理論の復活であり、古典学派の客観価値論に対して、主観価値論に基づく経済理論の誕生でもあった。しかし、やがてワルラスの著作の独自の貢献は一般均衡理論の確立にあることが明らかになり、また希少性の理論はかならずしも効用理論ではないことも明らかとなった。

 かくて、ローザンヌ学派の特質は一般均衡理論にある。ワルラスの後継者V・パレートは効用理論にかわる選択理論の確立、一般均衡理論の普及に努め、その結果イタリアのM・パンタレオーニ、E・バローネ、L・アモロゾ、フランスのÉ・アントネリ、F・ディビジアなどの後期ローザンヌ学派が生まれた。一般均衡理論の影響は広く深い。すなわち、オーストリアではJ・A・シュンペーターが一般均衡理論の基礎のうえに経済発展理論を構成し、北欧学派の始祖であるスウェーデンのK・ウィクセルはオーストリア学派の資本理論を導入して一般均衡理論を拡充し、アメリカではI・フィッシャーやH・L・ムーアが一般均衡理論による実証分析に努めた。そしてやがてJ・R・ヒックスの『価値と資本』(1939)が現れる。それは一般均衡理論の集大成であり、その後の展開を刺激した。すなわち、J・A・モザックは国際経済理論に適用し、R・トリフィンは独占理論を構成し、D・パティンキンは貨幣理論との結合を図った。また、O・ランゲやP・A・サミュエルソンはヒックスの静学的安定条件論に対して動学的安定条件論を提示し、さらに計量経済学の分野ではW・レオンチェフの産業連関分析やM・A・コープランドのマネー・フロー分析も生まれた。

[佐藤豊三郎]

『T・ハッチスン著、長守善他訳『近代経済学説史』(1957・東洋経済新報社)』『『安井琢磨著作集』全三巻(1970~71・創文社)』『L・ワルラス著、手塚寿郎訳『純粋経済学要論』全二冊(岩波文庫)』『K・J・アロー、F・ハーン著、福岡正夫・川又邦雄訳『一般均衡分析』(1976・岩波書店)』

[参照項目] | 均衡理論(経済学) | 経済学説史 | ワルラス

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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