Royce, Josiah

Japanese: ロイス（英語表記）Royce， Josiah

Born November 20, 1855 in Grass Valley, California.
Died September 14, 1916. Cambridge American philosopher and educator. After graduating from the University of California, he studied philosophy at Leipzig, Göttingen, and Johns Hopkins University, and became an assistant professor of philosophy at Harvard University in 1885 and a professor in 1892. From the perspective of German idealism, especially the contemporary British Neo-Hegelian school, he contributed not only to philosophy but also to literary criticism and history. He agreed with contemporary pragmatism in that it regarded ideas as tools for the realization of human will, but criticized it for viewing ideas as relative. He posited an absolute will as something that encompasses this relativity, asserted that the individual will of humans is a manifestation of this will, and that humans can only live socially and correctly by being conscious of the absolute will, and called this his own position "absolute pragmatism." His major works include The Spirit of Modern Philosophy (1892), The World and the Individual (2 volumes, 1900-01), and The Problem of Christianity (13).

Lois
Ruysch, Frederik

Born: March 23, 1638, The Hague
Died: February 22, 1731. Dutch anatomist in Amsterdam. Studied at Leiden University, and became a lecturer in surgery at the University of Amsterdam in 1667, a professor of anatomy and surgery in 1668, and a professor of botany in 1685. He invented a method of preserving a corpse by injecting a colored preservative into its blood vessels and examining the distribution of blood vessels, and created magnificent anatomical specimens. He left accurate records on teeth, the branches of the coronary arteries, and the differences in the male and female pelvis. He also served as an obstetrician and court physician in Amsterdam, and although his knowledge was not particularly profound, his energy and dexterity, which surpassed that of ordinary people, earned him the reputation of being "a man with the eyes of a wildcat and the hands of a demon."

Lois
Ruysch(Ruisch; Ruijsch), Rachel

Born: 1664, Amsterdam
[Died] October 12, 1750. A female still life painter from Amsterdam. A pupil of W. Aalst. In 1701, she was registered with the Hague Painters' Guild together with her husband, J. Pool, a portrait painter. In 1706, she became the court painter of Dusseldorf. She is known especially as a flower painter.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1855.11.20. カリフォルニア，グラスバレー
[没]1916.9.14. ケンブリッジ
アメリカの哲学者，教育家。カリフォルニア大学卒業後，ライプチヒ，ゲッティンゲン，ジョンズ・ホプキンズ大学で哲学を学び，1885年ハーバード大学哲学助教授，92年教授。ドイツ観念論，特に同時代のイギリスの新ヘーゲル学派の立場から，哲学のみならず，文芸批評や歴史学の分野にも貢献。同時代のプラグマティズムに対しては，それが観念を人間の意志実現の道具とみなす点では賛成したが，その観念を相対的なものであるとみなす点を批判した。その相対性を包摂するものとして絶対意志を措定し，人間の個別的意志はその現れであり，人間は絶対意志を意識することによってのみ社会的に正しく生きうると主張し，この自己の立場を「絶対的プラグマティズム」と呼んだ。主著『現代哲学の精髄』 The Spirit of Modern Philosophy (1892) ，『世界と個人』 The World and the Individual (2巻，1900～01) ，『キリスト教の問題』 The Problem of Christianity (13) 。

ロイス
Ruysch， Frederik

[生]1638.3.23. ハーグ
[没]1731.2.22. アムステルダム
オランダの解剖学者。ライデン大学に学び，1667年アムステルダム大学外科学講師，68年解剖学および外科学教授，85年植物学教授。死体の血管に着色した防腐液を注入して，防腐と，脈管の分布を検査する方法を創始し，みごとな解剖標本をつくった。歯牙，冠状動脈の分枝，男女の骨盤の差などについて，正確な記載を残している。アムステルダム市の産科医，裁判医を兼ね，学識は必ずしも深遠でなかったが，常人をしのぐ精力と器用さによって，「ヤマネコの目と妖魔の手をもった男」と評された。