A flying object that propels itself by the reaction of the force pushing a jet backward, and is a basic tool in space development. During World War II, Germany invented the modern liquid fuel rocket V-2, and after the war, the United States and the Soviet Union developed a series of large rockets based on this. They are broadly divided into chemical and non-chemical rockets, but the term chemical rockets is usually used. Chemical rockets consume a lot of propellant but have a significantly large thrust-to-equipment weight ratio, while non-chemical rockets consume very little propellant but have a very small thrust-to-equipment weight ratio. Therefore, chemical rockets are suitable for launching spacecraft and satellites, missiles, and other vehicles that require rapid acceleration to minimize losses due to the Earth's gravity, while non-chemical rockets, which have low thrust but high specific impulse, are desirable for long-term travel such as interplanetary travel. Development of non-chemical rockets is underway, including nuclear rockets, electric rockets, ion rockets, plasma rockets, and photon rockets. rocket |
噴流を後方に押出す力の反作用によって推進する飛行体で,宇宙開発の基本的な道具である。第2次世界大戦中に,ドイツで近代的な液体燃料ロケットV-2号が発明され,戦後,アメリカとソ連はこれをもとにして次々と大型のロケットを開発した。化学ロケットと非化学ロケットに大別されるが,通常は化学ロケットを意味する。化学ロケットは,推進剤の消費量は多いが,推力対装置重量比が著しく大きい特徴をもち,非化学ロケットは推力対装置重量比は非常に小さいが推進剤の消費量が非常に少くてすむ特徴をもつ。したがって,宇宙船や人工衛星などの打上げやミサイルのように,地球の重力による損失を極力減らすために急速な加速を必要とする場合は化学ロケットが適しており,惑星間航行のように長期間の航行には低推力ではあるが比推力の大きな非化学ロケットが望ましい。非化学ロケットでは,原子力ロケット,電気ロケット,イオンロケット,プラズマロケット,光子ロケットなどの開発が進められている。
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