One of the Turkic tribes. In Chinese historical documents, they are written as Kaigu, Uighur, and Weiwuer, and in the 20th century, they are written as Weiwuer in Chinese. The population in China is 10,069,346 (2010). As one of the ancient Turkic nomadic tribes that were widely scattered from Mongolia to southern Siberia, they succeeded the Turks and established a nomadic state in Mongolia from 744 to 840. It began when the first ruler, Kyor Bilge Khagan (Kaijin Khan, ?-747), made the foot of the Utyken mountain his base. During the reign of the second Khan, Maenchol (Kagero Khan; ?-759), he cooperated in suppressing the An Lushan Rebellion (755-763) by sending troops, which gave him a temporary advantage over the Tang Dynasty. Although they basically lived a nomadic life, they built capital cities such as Baibaliq (Fuguicheng) and Ordu-Baliq (Kara-Bargasun) within their territories, and the ruling class learned to live a settled life. In terms of culture, the Kara-Bargasun Inscription, a monument to the achievements of the eighth Khan, Baoyi Khan (?-821), is noteworthy. It was inscribed in Turkic language using the Turkic script, as well as in Chinese and Sogdian language using the Sogdian script. This shows that the international culture of the Turks had been inherited by the nomadic Uighur society, and that Sogdian culture had penetrated even more deeply. One example of this is that from the time of the third Khan, Bog Khan, Sogdian Manichaeism was adopted in addition to the traditional shamanism. In 840, the Uighur nomadic state collapsed due to natural disasters, civil wars, and pressure from the Kyrgyz people in the north. Some of the Uighurs moved south and entered the northern border of the Tang Dynasty, while the Uighurs who entered the Hexi region developed around Ganzhou (Ganzhou Huihui, 960-1028). Others entered the lands of the Karluks in the western Tianshan Mountains and are thought to have been involved in the establishment of the Kara-Khanid dynasty. Another major part of the Uighurs controlled the areas of Beiting (Bishbalik), Yanqi, and Gaochang in the eastern Tianshan Mountains. Within the "Tianshan Uighur Kingdom" (Western Uighur Kingdom), which was centered on the grasslands in the northern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains and the agricultural land of Turfan, the language and population composition became Uighurized (Turkish) (the establishment of Turkestan), and a settled Uighur Buddhist culture was formed that mixed with the traditional Han culture and Iranian-Aryan culture. After being subordinate to the Kara-Khitan in the 12th century, the Mongol Empire was the first to submit to Genghis Khan's Mongolian Empire in the 13th century, and the kingdom maintained a semi-independent status, but collapsed at the end of the 13th century. During this time, the Uighurs took control of the inland trade routes in place of the Sogdians, and were deeply involved in the rule of the Yuan dynasty, both in terms of personnel and culture. Later, the Uighurs in Central Asia came under the rule of the Chagatai Khanate, became more Islamized, and also underwent ethnic transformation, losing the name Uighur. The name Uighur currently used in Russia and in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of China was adopted after the 1920s, and does not necessarily refer to an entity that has continued since ancient times, except for the linguistic element, but they have come to have an ethnic consciousness as Uighurs. [Umemura Tan] "Dr. Haneda's Collected Historical Papers, Volume 1: History" by Toru Haneda (1957, republished in 1975 by Dohosha Publishing)" ▽ "Abe Takeo, Research on the History of the Western Uighur Nation" (1955, Ibundo Shoten)" ▽ "Yamada Nobuo, The Establishment of Turkestan (included in Iwanami Lectures on World History 6, 1971, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "Takasaki Michihiro, Maps of the World's Ethnic Groups" (1997, Sakuhinsha Publishing) [References] | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
トルコ系諸族の一つ。漢文史料では廻紇(かいこつ)、回鶻(かいこつ)、畏吾児(ウイグル)などと記され、20世紀になってからの中国語では維吾爾(ウイグル)と表記される。中国領内の人口は1006万9346(2010)。モンゴリアから南シベリアに広く散開していた古代チュルク系遊牧民族の一つとして、突厥(とっけつ)の後を継いで744年から840年までモンゴリアに遊牧国家を築いた。初代キョル・ビルゲ・カガン(懐仁可汗(かいじんかがん)。?―747)がウテュケン山麓(さんろく)を根拠地としたところからそれは始まる。2代目カガン磨延啜(まえんチョル)(葛勒(かつろく)可汗。?―759)のとき、安史の乱(755~763)鎮圧に協力して派兵したことから、唐朝に対して一時期優位にたった。 彼らは遊牧生活を基本としながらも、領内にバイバリク(富貴(ふうき)城)、オルドゥ・バリク(カラ・バルガスン)などの都城を建設して、支配層は定居生活も知った。文化の面では、第8代の保義(ほぎ)可汗(?―821)の紀功碑「カラ・バルガスン碑文」が注目される。これは、突厥文字のチュルク語のほか、漢文、ソグド文字のソグド語でも刻文された。このことは、遊牧ウイグル社会のなかに突厥以来の国際的文化が継承され、ソグド人の文化がいっそう深く入り込んでいたことを示している。3代目の牟羽(ボグ)可汗のとき以降、従来のシャーマニズムとは別にソグド人のマニ教が信奉されたこともその一例である。 840年、天災、内乱と北方キルギス人の圧迫でウイグル遊牧国家は崩壊し、南下した一部は唐の北辺に入り、河西地域に入ったウイグルは甘州を中心に展開した(甘州回鶻=960~1028)。他の一部は西部天山山脈一帯のカルルク人の地に入り、後のカラ・ハン朝成立にかかわったと思われる。別の主力部分は、東部天山山脈の北庭(ビシュバリク)、焉耆(えんぎ)、高昌(こうしょう)一帯を掌握した。この天山北麓草原とトゥルファン農耕地を中心とする「天山ウイグル王国」(西ウイグル王国)の内部では言語、住民構成のウイグル化=チュルク化が進み(トルキスタンの成立)、従来の漢文化やイラン系アーリア系文化と混交した定着ウイグル仏教文化が形成された。12世紀カラ・キタイへの従属を経て、13世紀にはチンギス・ハンのモンゴル帝国に率先して臣従し、半独立的地位を保ったこの王国も13世紀末には崩壊した。この間、ウイグル人はソグド人にかわって内陸通商ルートを抑え、元朝統治にも人的、文化的に深く関与した。 その後、中央アジアのウイグル人はチャガタイ・ハン国の支配を受けてイスラム化を深め、民族的にも変容し、ウイグルという民族自称名を失った。現在ロシア領内や、中国の新疆(しんきょう)ウイグル自治区に採用されているウイグルの名称は1920年代以後のものであり、言語的要素を除き、かならずしも古代から連続した実体をさすものではないが、ウイグル人としての民族意識をもつに至っている。 [梅村 坦] 『羽田亨著『羽田博士史学論文集 上巻 歴史篇』(1957/再刊・1975・同朋舎出版)』▽『安部健夫著『西ウィグル国史の研究』(1955・彙文堂書店)』▽『山田信夫著『トルキスタンの成立』(『岩波講座 世界歴史6』所収・1971・岩波書店)』▽『高崎通浩著『世界の民族地図』(1997・作品社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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