A kingdom established by Iranian nomads in northeastern Iran around the 3rd century BC. It is also called the Arsacid dynasty after its founder, Arsaces, and is recorded as "Ansoku" (rest) in Chinese historical documents. In 247 BC, Arsaces, leader of the Parni people, escaped from the control of the Seleucid Empire and established an independent government. His younger brother Tiridates succeeded him, but was defeated by Seleucus II of Syria, but later regained power, and under the rule of Mithridates I, who ascended to the throne around 171 BC, the kingdom gained a vast territory. The king conquered the Bactrian Kingdom and the Seleucid Empire, and further invaded Media and Babylonia. The capital was originally Nisa, but was later moved to Hecatompylos, and in 129 BC, Ctesiphon was built as the new capital. The kingdom prospered from this new capital. However, his son Phraates II and the next king Artabanus II were defeated in battles against the nomadic Sakas and Tocharians who had migrated south, and the unity of the country collapsed and fell into chaos. The empire was restored under Mithridates II, who ascended to the throne around 123 BC, but it clashed with the expanding Roman Empire over the possession of Armenia. The king signed a treaty of friendship with Rome, but the battles between the two countries continued. Parthian organized light cavalry fought well against the Roman heavy infantry with tactics that made full use of their mobility. However, Parthian also had various problems such as the royal succession dispute and the threat of northern tribes, so the battles were prolonged without a clear winner. Parthian national power weakened after years of fighting with Rome, and in 226 it was destroyed by Ardashir I of the Sassanid Empire of Persia, a new power that rose in the Fars region. Parthia was a nation of nomads, but gradually assimilated with the settled farmers and formed a feudal society. The governing structure of the empire inherited the system of the Seleucid Empire, and a culture influenced by Greece and Persia flourished. As it was a strategic point connecting the East and the West, silk trade was profitable, and this promoted the development of cultural exchange through such trade. [Yoshimura Sakuji] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イラン北東部に紀元前3世紀ごろイラン系遊牧民が建てた王国。建国者アルサケスの名からアルサケス朝ともよばれ、中国史料では「安息(あんそく)」と記されている。前247年、パルニ人の長アルサケスはセレウコス朝の支配から脱し、独立政権を建てた。その後を継いだ弟のティリダテスはシリアのセレウコス2世に敗北したが、その後ふたたび勢力を回復し、前171年ごろ即位したミトリダテス1世の治下において、王国は広大な版図を獲得した。王はバクトリア王国やセレウコス朝の領土を征服し、さらにメディア、バビロニアに侵入した。都は初めニサであったが、その後ヘカトンピロスに移され、前129年には新しい首都としてクテシフォンが建設された。王国はこの新都を中心に繁栄した。しかしその子フラーテス2世や、次王アルタバヌス2世は、南下してきた遊牧民サカ人やトハラ人との戦いに敗れたため、国内の統一は崩れて混乱した。前123年ごろ即位したミトリダテス2世の時代に帝国は復興したが、アルメニアの領有をめぐり膨張してきたローマ帝国と衝突した。王はローマと友好条約を結んだが、その後も両国間の戦いは続いた。パルティアの組織化された軽装騎兵は、ローマの重装歩兵に対して、その機動力を十分に生かした戦術で健闘した。しかしパルティアも王家の王位継承の争いや北方民族の脅威などの諸問題を抱えていたので、戦いの勝敗がつかず長期化した。パルティアは長年にわたるローマとの戦闘で国力が衰え、226年ファールス地方に興った新勢力ササン朝ペルシアのアルダシール1世によって滅ぼされた。パルティアは遊牧民の国家であったが、しだいに定住していた農民に同化し、封建社会を形成した。帝国の支配機構はセレウコス朝の体制を継承し、ギリシアとペルシアの影響を受けた文化が栄えた。また東西を結ぶ要地だったので絹貿易の利益が大きく、そのような交易を通じての文化交流の発展を促進させた。 [吉村作治] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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