Jail - Rōya

Japanese: 牢屋 - ろうや

A place for detaining prisoners who have not yet been tried or convicted. In the Japanese Ritsuryo system, it was called a prison and was pronounced "hidoya" or "hitoya." The government agency that supervised it was the Prison Bureau of the Ministry of Justice. Records from the Nara period, such as the "Edansho," describe Nagaoka Prison as being wild and there were many escapes from the prison, so it is known that prisons had already been established by that time. In Heian-kyo, there were prisons in both the left and right capitals, and they were managed by Kebiishi. Prisons existed in the Middle Ages as well, but their style is not known for certain. It is known that they had a gate in front of the prison where the head of the deceased prisoner was displayed. In the Edo period, the place of detention, that is, the "prison" of the previous era, was called a "prison" or a "cabin." Prisons were established in Edo, Kyoto, and other places, but their main purpose for being established was to detain prisoners who had not yet been convicted. The prisons of the Edo Magistrate's Office were located in Kodenmacho, Edo, and Ishide Tatewaki inherited control of them as the Magistrate of Prisons. There were various types of prisons, such as Agari-zashiki, which were forbidden to hatamoto with a stipend of 500 koku or less and above, Ageya, which were forbidden to direct retainers with a stipend of less than Omemai, Dai-ro, Peasant's Prison, Ni-ken-ro, Homeless Prison, Women's Prison, and Tamari, which housed the sick. In addition, there was a temporary prison for prisoners summoned to court within the Magistrate's Office. A certain degree of autonomy was allowed within the prisons, and the prison chief and the chief officer were in charge of miscellaneous matters. After the Meiji period, the system was changed to a modern prison system (→ Prisons).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

未決，既決の囚人を拘禁する場所。日本の律令制においては獄と称し，「比度屋」「人屋」 (ひとや) と訓じた。これを監督する官庁は刑部省囚獄司であった。奈良時代の記録には，『江談抄』が長岡獄に関し，それが荒れほうだいで脱獄がきわめて多かったと記すなど，すでにこの頃には獄舎が整えられていたことが知られる。平安京においては，左右京にそれぞれ獄がおかれ，検非違使がこれを管掌していた。中世においても獄は存在しているが，その様式については定かに伝わっていない。獄前には死囚の首をさらす獄門を備えていたということは知られている。江戸時代においては，囚禁の場所，すなわち前代の「獄」のことを「牢」あるいは「籠」と称した。牢は江戸，京都その他各地に設けられたが，その設置の主たる目的は未決囚の拘禁であった。江戸町奉行所の牢は，江戸小伝馬町におかれ，石出帯刀 (いしでたてわき) が牢屋奉行としてその支配を世襲した。牢には，500石以下御目見以上の旗本を禁ずる揚 (あがり) 座敷，御目見以下の直参を禁ずる揚屋，町人百姓を拘禁する大牢，百姓牢，無宿者を禁ずる二間牢，無宿牢，女性専用の女牢，病者を収容する溜 (たまり) などの種類があり，このほかに，法廷に呼出された囚を入れる仮牢が，奉行所内に設けられていた。なお，牢内においては，一種の自治が認められ，牢名主，角役 (すみやく) などが，その雑事を管掌した。明治以降は近代的な監獄の制度 (→刑務所 ) に改変されていった。

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