Basic Labor Rights

Japanese: 労働基本権 - ろうどうきほんけん
Basic Labor Rights

It is a general term for the right to work (labor rights) in Article 27, paragraph 1 of the Constitution, and the right to organize, right to collective bargaining, and right to collective action in Article 28 of the Constitution, which are rights essential for workers to live a decent life. In a broad sense, it includes labor rights, and in a narrow sense, it refers to the three labor rights of the right to organize, right to collective bargaining, and right to collective action. Fundamental labor rights were not guaranteed overnight, but have been established through the long-term and persistent struggle of workers' unity.

First, in relation to state power, workers' collective actions had to be liberated. In the past, collective actions by workers were prohibited by laws such as the Criminal Code, and workers' actions that violated the law were subject to criminal penalties and oppression. This liberation from state power was expressed in the form of so-called criminal immunity, which frees workers from criminal responsibility. Next, in relation to employers, collective actions such as industrial action would lead to liability for breach of contract, etc., and liberation from this was also necessary. In other words, if collective actions by workers were always subject to claims for damages or to discriminatory treatment such as dismissal, workers would not be able to exercise their rights with peace of mind, so liberation from this was also necessary. Therefore, collective actions against employers are expressed in the form of civil immunity, which does not subject workers to damages or to disadvantages such as dismissal.

Historically speaking, the establishment of these fundamental labor rights, i.e. the establishment of criminal and civil immunity, took place between the early 19th century and the early 20th century. The current Labor Union Law provides for criminal immunity in Article 1, paragraph 2, and civil immunity for legitimate industrial action in Article 8. In the past, there was a strong tendency to understand fundamental labor rights as one of the fundamental rights of survival. According to this way of thinking, it was derived that fundamental labor rights could be denied or restricted if there were other means to realize the right to survival, and so today, the view that emphasizes the freedom aspect of fundamental labor rights as a fundamental human right that cannot be fundamentally taken away has become prevalent. In other words, rather than simply viewing them as fundamental rights of survival, the view that focuses on freedom or liberation from the state, as seen in the establishment of criminal immunity, has become prevalent. For example, instead of viewing the right to spiritual freedom, such as the freedom of association (Article 21 of the Constitution), as being in conflict with fundamental labor rights such as the right to organize, fundamental labor rights are viewed as a development of the former as labor rights. In Japan, fundamental labor rights are embodied in Article 28 of the Constitution as rights such as the right to organize. With regard to these three labor rights, the view that the right to collective bargaining is at the center has been asserted, but today the prevailing view is that all three are essential in contributing to the goal of ensuring a decent life for workers, and that the three are viewed as a single entity. As for the subject of these three rights, the prevailing view was previously that they were collective rights, but due to the problem of the sacrifice of individuals (union members) by placing priority on labor unions as organizations, the prevailing view today is that fundamental labor rights are centered on individuals.

In addition to criminal and civil exemptions, the current Labor Union Law also embodies fundamental labor rights as the prohibition of acts violating the right to organize as unfair labor practices (Article 7, items 1 and 3), the prohibition of refusing to negotiate collective bargaining without a valid reason (Article 7, item 2), and provisions to guarantee such rights in labor agreements concluded between labor and management as a result of collective bargaining (Articles 15 and following). There are many issues regarding the extent to which fundamental labor rights are actually established in Japan, but one of the biggest problems is that the fundamental labor rights of public servants are restricted and deprived by the National Public Service Law and other laws.

[Hiroshi Murashita and Mikio Yoshida]

"Fundamental Labor Rights Theory" by Numata Inejiro (1969, Keiso Shobo) " "Freedom and the State" by Higuchi Yoichi (1989, Iwanami Shoten) "Labor Union Law" by Nishitani Satoshi (1998, Yuhikaku)

[References] |Freedom of assembly and association | Freedom rights |Right to life | Right to organize | Collective bargaining | Right to collective action | Unfair labor practices | Labor agreements | Labor union law | Labor rights

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

労働者が人間らしい生活をするために必要不可欠の権利である、憲法第27条1項の勤労権(労働権)、同第28条の団結権、団体交渉権、団体行動権などの総称である。広義では労働権を含めたものをいい、狭義では団結権、団体交渉権、団体行動権の労働三権をいう。労働基本権は、一朝一夕に保障されたものでなく、労働者団結の長期でかつ粘り強い闘いによって確立してきたものである。

 まず、国家権力との関係において、労働者の団体行動を解放しなければならなかった。かつては、労働者の団体行動は刑法などの法律で禁止されており、労働者の法違反の行動は刑事罰の対象となり、また弾圧の対象となった。この国家権力からの解放は、刑事上の責任から免れる、いわゆる刑事免責の形となって表れる。次に、使用者との関係において、争議行為などの団体行動は、債務不履行などの責任を追及されることになり、このことからの解放も必要であった。すなわち、労働者の団体行動がつねに損害賠償請求の対象となったり、解雇などの差別的取扱いを招くことになれば、安心して権利の行使ができないことになるので、このことからの解放も必要であった。したがって、使用者に対する団体行動は損害賠償の対象とならず、解雇などの不利益も受けないという民事免責の形となって表れてくる。

 この労働基本権の確立、すなわち刑事・民事免責の確立は、世界史的にみると、19世紀初頭から20世紀初頭にかけてのことである。現行労働組合法は、その第1条2項で刑事免責、第8条で正当な争議行為の民事免責を定めている。このようにして確立してきた労働基本権の理解について、従来は生存権的基本権の一つとしてとらえる傾向が強かった。この考え方によれば、他に生存権を実現する手段があれば労働基本権を否認・制約することも可能という見解が導きだされたことから、今日では、労働基本権の根源的に奪われない人権としての自由権的側面を重視する見解が有力となっている。つまり単なる生存権的基本権としてとらえるのではなく、刑事免責の確立にみられるように、国家からの自由あるいは解放という点に着目する見解が有力になっている。たとえば、結社の自由(憲法21条)という精神的自由権と団結権などの労働基本権を対立したものとしてとらえるのでなく、労働基本権を前者の労働者権的発展ととらえるわけである。日本においては、労働基本権は憲法第28条に団結権などの権利として具体化されている。この労働三権について、団体交渉権を中心に据える見解が主張されてきたが、今日では、労働者の人間らしい生活を確保するという目的に寄与するものとして、三つのいずれも不可欠のものであり、三つを一体のものとしてとらえる見解が有力となっている。これらの三つの権利の主体についても、従来は集団的権利としてとらえる見解が有力であったが、労働組合という団体を優位に置くことによる個人(組合員)の犠牲が問題となったことから、今日では個人を中心に労働基本権を構成する見解が有力となっている。

 労働基本権は、現行労働組合法において、刑事・民事免責以外にも、不当労働行為としての団結権侵害行為の禁止(7条1号、3号)、正当な理由のない団交拒否の禁止(7条2号)、団体交渉の結果労使間で締結される労働協約などの保障規定(15条以下)として具体化されている。日本で労働基本権がどれだけ実際に確立しているかについて問題点は多々あるが、そのなかでも公務員の労働基本権が国家公務員法などによって制約・剥奪(はくだつ)されていることが大きな問題点として指摘できる。

[村下 博・吉田美喜夫]

『沼田稲次郎著『労働基本権論』(1969・勁草書房)』『樋口陽一著『自由と国家』(1989・岩波書店)』『西谷敏著『労働組合法』(1998・有斐閣)』

[参照項目] | 集会・結社の自由 | 自由権 | 生存権 | 団結権 | 団体交渉 | 団体行動権 | 不当労働行為 | 労働協約 | 労働組合法 | 労働権

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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