For learning to be effective, the learner must be physically and psychologically prepared for learning. The state of readiness required for learning, such as intelligence, knowledge, skills, physical strength, and interest, is collectively called readiness. If the learner does not have readiness, the learning will be ineffective or at the very least inefficient. Readiness is formed by maturity and experience, but maturity is a particularly important factor, so when placing emphasis on readiness in learning, it is easy to lean toward instruction that waits for maturity. While readiness is certainly a prerequisite for learning, it is often formed through learning at the same time. Furthermore, once readiness is established, learning is not always efficient at any age; each child's developmental process has its own appropriate period for learning, and missing this optimal period for learning can lead to a decrease in learning efficiency and sometimes even to wasted effort. For this reason, the need to incorporate the perspectives of learnability and timeliness of learning into the concept of readiness has come to be emphasized. E. L. Thorndike regards readiness as the state of nerve conduction units that are ready to combine stimuli and responses, and states that if one learns when one is in a ready state, one feels pleasure, but if one is in this state but does not learn, or is forced to learn when one is not ready, one feels discomfort. [Takehisa Takizawa] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
学習が効果的に行われるためには、学習者の側に、身体的にも心理的にも学習にふさわしい素地が用意されていなければならない。このような知能、知識、技能、体力、興味などの学習に必要な準備状態を総称してレディネスとよぶ。レディネスが学習者の側にできていないと、その学習は無効に終わるか、少なくとも非能率的にならざるをえない。 レディネスは成熟と経験によって形成されるが、とりわけ成熟の要因が大きく作用するので、学習におけるレディネスを重視するとき、とかく成熟待ちの学習指導に片寄りやすい。確かにレディネスは学習の前提条件であるが、同時に学習によって形成される場合も少なくない。そのうえ、レディネスさえ成立すれば、その後はどんな年齢でも効率的に学習が行われるわけではなく、子供の発達過程にはそれぞれ学習するにふさわしい時期が存在するわけで、学習のこの最適期を逃すと、学習効率が低下し、ときには徒労に終わってしまうことさえある。そこで、レディネスの概念のなかに、その学習可能性と学習適時性という視点を取り入れる必要性が強調されるようになってきた。 なおE・L・ソーンダイクは、レディネスを、刺激と反応とを結合させる準備の整った神経伝導単位の状態とみなし、準備の整った状態のときに学習すれば快を感じるが、この状態にあるのに学習しないなら、または準備のない状態なのに強いて学習させられるなら、不快を感じることになると述べている。 [滝沢武久] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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