Restaurant - restoran (English spelling) restaurant

Japanese: レストラン - れすとらん(英語表記)restaurant
Restaurant - restoran (English spelling) restaurant

It refers to a facility or business that serves mainly Western-style cuisine and food and drink as a company. It is a type of restaurant, but in Japan it refers to a place that serves Western and other foreign cuisine and has a foreign atmosphere. The word restaurant originates from the participial adjective of the French verb restaurer, which means to restore energy and strength. In 1765, a soup that restored vitality, which could also be called "stamina soup," was sold in Paris, and restaurants that served this soup came to be called restaurants, and eventually the term came to be used to generally refer to establishments that served food and drink. Since then, the French name restaurant has been commonly used outside of France as well.

Restaurant-like establishments that serve food and drink have existed for a long time, and are said to have originated in the famous Baths of Caracalla in ancient Rome. In other countries around the world, restaurant-like establishments with their own histories and characteristics have developed, but the history of establishments that sell food and are called "restaurants" is not that long ago.

In Japan, so-called restaurants serving Western cuisine were established in Edo and Nagasaki towards the end of the Edo period. The first Japanese chef was Kobayashi Heihachi, a chicken chef employed by Hewsken, an interpreter for the American Consul Harris, around 1862 (Bunkyu 2), and opened a Western restaurant called Seiyo-tei in Yokohama in the Meiji era. Furthermore, the pioneer of full-scale restaurants targeting Japanese people, Seiyo-ken, was opened in Tokyo in 1872 (Meiji 5) by Kitamura Shigetake. After that, as eating habits became more Westernized, restaurants grew rapidly and became more diverse in terms of the food they served, the style of service, and the management methods. Types of service include "table service," where a waiter takes orders and brings food to the table, "counter service," where customers sit at a counter and receive the food prepared by the chef, "self-service," where customers take what they like for themselves in a cafeteria or buffet style, and "catering service," which is a type of service provided by a dispatch or delivery service. In addition, there are various management methods for restaurants, such as private management, chain (chain of restaurants), and franchise (management guidance) and other cooperative management methods. Restaurant operations are supervised by the health centers of each prefecture, city, ward, and town.

[Noriko Inubaba]

Tsukiji Seiyoken
It was located in Uneme-cho, Kyobashi Ward (present-day Ginza, Chuo Ward, Tokyo). "Japanese Photo Album" (1912, Meiji 45) National Diet Library

Tsukiji Seiyoken


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

企業としておもに西洋式料理と飲食物を提供する施設または営業体をいう。食堂の一種であるが、日本では西洋料理およびその他の外国料理を出し、雰囲気も外国風のもののことである。レストランの語源は、気力、体力を回復させるという意味のフランス語の動詞restaurerの分詞的形容詞である。1765年パリで「スタミナ・スープ」ともよんでいい活力回復のスープが売り出され、これを出す飲食店をレストランとよぶようになり、やがて、一般に料理と飲み物を提供する店のことをレストランとよぶようになった。その後、フランス以外でもこのレストランというフランス名が一般に使われている。

 レストラン的な飲食物を提供する営業体は昔からあり、そのおこりは古代ローマ時代の有名なカラカラ浴場にあったものとされる。また、世界のその他の国でもそれぞれの歴史や特徴をもったレストラン的なものは発展していたが、料理を売り物にし、「レストラン」とよばれるようになった歴史はそれほど古くはない。

 日本においては、いわゆるレストランといわれる西洋料理店は江戸時代の末期に江戸や長崎で誕生した。日本人コックの初めは、1862年(文久2)ごろアメリカ領事ハリスの通訳ヒュースケンに雇われた鳥料理の小林平八といわれ、彼は明治になって横浜で西洋料理店「西洋亭」を開業した。さらに、日本人を対象にした本格的なレストランの草分けといえる「精養軒」が、北村重威(しげたけ)によって1872年(明治5)東京に開業した。その後、食生活の洋式化につれ、レストランは急速に成長し、料理内容やサービスの形式や経営方式など多岐多様化している。サービスの形式には、ウエーターが注文を聞き、料理を客席に運ぶ「テーブル・サービス」、カウンターに座って、コックのつくった料理を受け取る「カウンター・サービス」、自分の好みのものを自分でとるカフェテリアやバイキング食堂方式の「セルフ・サービス」、出張・出前方式の「ケータリング・サービス」がある。また、レストランの経営方式には、個人経営方式と、チェーン(連鎖店)方式、またはフランチャイズ(経営指導)方式などの協同経営方式などがある。なお、レストラン営業の監督指導は各都道府県市区保健所があたっている。

[犬馬場紀子]

築地精養軒
京橋区采女町(現在の東京都中央区銀座)にあった。『日本写真帖』(1912年〈明治45〉)国立国会図書館所蔵">

築地精養軒


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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