Hadrianus, Publius Aelius

Japanese: ハドリアヌス（英語表記）Hadrianus， Publius Aelius

Born: 24 January 1976 in Italica
[Died] July 10, 138. Baiai. Roman Emperor (reigned 117-138). One of the Five Good Emperors. Born into a family of Hispanic senatorial representatives. Related to the previous emperor, Trajan. Hadrian, who was in Syria at the time, ascended to the throne there, claiming that Trajan had adopted Hadrian on his deathbed. However, the Senate became suspicious of this and their relationship cooled. Also, due to political instability in Dacia, Egypt, and Britain, Hadrian abandoned the areas that Trajan had conquered beyond the Euphrates River and returned to Rome. He gained popularity by canceling debts and providing relief to the poor, and turned to defensive measures abroad. He left Rome to inspect various places, appointed knights (equites) to organize the bureaucracy, restored finances by issuing coins, and established legislation. He also created a new form of Latin citizenship, the Great Latin Citizenship, and granted Roman citizenship to all local senators of cities that had this right, and had many provincial nobles replenish the Roman Senate. He repaired fortifications such as Hadrian's Wall in the borderlands, reformed the military system by conscripting soldiers from garrisons, and worked to colonize devastated Egypt. He loved Athens, and had the temples of Olympia and Zeus built, as well as many other public facilities. He built a new city, Aelia Capitolina, in Jerusalem. He thoroughly suppressed the Jews, including Rabbi Akiba, who rebelled against this (132). After the death of his homosexual lover, Antinos, he built a new city, Antinopolis, in Egypt and had rituals held there. In his later years, he retired to a large villa in Tivoli (near Rome). In addition to his excellent political skills, he was also fond of literature, painting, and arithmetic, and was a great patron of scholars. He adopted Antoninus Pius, who posthumously deified him.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]76.1.24. イタリカ
[没]138.7.10. バイアイ
ローマ皇帝 (在位 117～138) 。五賢帝の一人。ヒスパニアの元老院議員家系の出身。先帝トラヤヌスの血縁にあたる。トラヤヌスが死の床で彼を養子としたと称して，そのときシリアにあったハドリアヌスは現地で即位。しかし元老院がこれに疑いをもって両者の関係は冷却，またダキア，エジプト，ブリタニアの政情不安もあってユーフラテス川以遠の，トラヤヌスが征服した地域を放棄してローマに帰り，借財帳消し，貧民救済策によって人気を獲得し，対外的には防衛策に転じた。ローマを離れて各地を巡察し，騎士身分 (エクイテス ) を登用して官僚制を整え，貨幣発行による財政建直し，立法整備を行なった。また新しい形式のラテン市民権である大ラテン市民権を創設，この権利を得た都市のすべての地方元老院議員にローマ市民権を与え，ローマ元老院に多くの属州の貴族を補充させた。辺境にはハドリアヌス長城などの城壁を修築，駐屯地からの徴兵などの軍制改革，荒廃したエジプトなどでは植民に努めた。アテネを愛しオリュンピア，ゼウスの神殿を造らせ，ほかにも公共施設を多く建設させた。エルサレムには新市アエリア・カピトリナを建設。これに反抗したラビ・アキバらユダヤ人を徹底的に弾圧した (132) 。また同性愛の愛人アンチノースの死後，エジプトに新市アンチノポリスを建設し，祭儀を行わせた。晩年はチボリ (ローマ近郊) の広大な別荘に引きこもった。すぐれた政治的手腕をもつとともに，文芸，絵画，算術を愛好，学者を厚遇した。アントニヌス・ピウスを養子とし，死後彼によって神格化された。

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