The number of protons and neutrons at which an atomic nucleus is particularly stable. Also called magic numbers. It is known that atomic nuclei are stable when the number of protons Z or the number of neutrons N is 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, or 126. Experimental evidence for this includes the fact that these nuclei exist in large quantities in nature, that elements with magic Z have a wide variety of stable isotopes, that nuclei with magic N have a large number of stable isotopes, that the rate of neutron capture is particularly small in these nuclei, and that the binding energy per mass number of these nuclei is larger than that of nuclei with other nuclei with similar values of Z and N. In 1948, Maria Goeppert Mayer and Johannes HD Jensen showed that magic numbers correspond to closed shells in the shell model of the atomic nucleus. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
原子核が特に安定する,陽子および中性子の数。マジックナンバーともいう。陽子数 Z または中性子数 N が 2,8,20,28,50,82,126のとき,原子核は安定であることが知られている。その実験的証拠は,これらの原子核が自然界に多量に存在すること,Z が魔法数である元素は多種の安定なアイソトープをもつこと,N が魔法数である原子核には多数の安定な同調体があること,中性子捕獲の割合がこれらの原子核では特に小さいこと,これらの原子核の質量数あたりの結合エネルギーが,値の近いほかの Z,N をもつ原子核の結合エネルギーに比べて大きいこと,などである。1948年にマリア・ゲッパート・メーヤーとヨハネス・H.D.イェンゼンが,魔法数が原子核の殻模型における閉殻に対応することを示した。
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