Rai Sanyo

Japanese: 頼山陽 - らいさんよう

A Chinese poet and historian of the late Edo period. His given name was Noboru, his pen name was Shisei, his pen name was Sanyo Thirty-six Peaks Gaishi, and his common name was Kyūtarō. He was born on December 27, 1771 in Edobori, Osaka, as the eldest son of Hiroshima domain Confucian scholar Rai Shunsui and Osaka town doctor Iioka Gisai (1717-1789), whose daughter was Iioka Gisai (1717-1789). He suffered from neurosis from an early age, and at the age of 18, he went to Edo to study with his uncle Kyohei, both for treatment, but returned home the following year in 1798. At the age of 21, he suddenly ran away from his domain, but was tracked down and confined to a room in his house until he was 24. It is said that he began writing the draft of "Nihon Gaishi" during this time. In 1803 (Kyowa 3), he was deposed and allowed to be imprisoned. In 1809 (Bunka 6), at the age of 30, he became head of the Renjuku school run by his father's friend Kan Chazan, but he was not satisfied and in 1811 moved to Kyoto to open a school. After the death of his father Shunsui, he set out on a journey west in 1818 (Bunsei 1), traveling around Kyushu for about a year to broaden his horizons. He composed the poem "Staying in Amakusa Nagata", famous for the verse "Clouds or mountains, Wu or Etsu? The waters and the sky are as blue as a single hair", during this journey. From this time on, Sanyo's fame also grew, and he became a central figure in the literary world of Kyoto, surrounded by close friends and many disciples, including Koishi Genzui, Shinozaki Shochiku, and Urakami Shunkin (1779-1846). His Nihon Gaishi, a record of the history of the Japanese samurai, was completed in 1826 (Bunsei 9) and published posthumously, making Sanyo's name famous as it was read by patriots at the end of the Edo period. His other works include Nihon Seiki (1832), Sanyo Shisho (1833), Nihon Gafu (1828), and Sanyo Iko (1841). He died of pulmonary tuberculosis on September 23, Tempo 3, at the age of 53. His grave still stands at Chorakuji Temple in Higashiyama, Kyoto. Mikisaburo, a patriot of the late Edo period, was the third son of Sanyo.

[Ibi Takashi, July 19, 2016]

The Thoughts of Rai Sanyo

Sanyo was first a historian, then a man of letters and a political commentator. Living at a time of historical change when internal and external troubles arose and grew, Sanyo found his calling in historical writing, expressing his beliefs through passionate and beautiful prose.

In other words, he divided the retribution of "heaven" that ethically governs the historical process into two: (1) retribution that changes according to political gains and losses in accordance with "tide," and (2) unchanging retribution that is linked to the great virtues accumulated by the ancestors of the imperial family and forever guarantees the Emperor's position as sovereign. He emphasized that these two concepts of retribution from "heaven" are the basis for the rise and fall of rulers and the inevitability of changes in government, but that despite this, the Emperor and the imperial family are eternal beings, and the importance of knowing the times and the right opportunity.

[Tadashi Ishige July 19, 2016]

"The Complete Works of Rai Sanyo, edited by Kizaki Aikichi and Rai Seiichi, 8 volumes (1931-1932, Rai Sanyo Masterpiece Memorial Association/Reprint edition, 1983, Kokusho Kankokai)" ▽ "Japanese Thought Series 49: Rai Sanyo, annotated by Uete Michiru (1977, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "Japanese Masterpieces 28: Rai Sanyo, edited and translated by Rai Korekin (1984, Chuokoron-Shinsha)" ▽ "Rai Sanyo and His Times, by Nakamura Shinichiro (1971, Chuokoron-Shinsha/Chuko Bunko)"

Rai Sanyo Historical Site Museum
The museum exhibits various materials related to early modern Geibi culture, including those related to Rai Sanyo, a Chinese poet from the late Edo period. This site was once the residence of the Yoriie family, and the Sanyo Memorial Museum was built in 1935 (Showa 10), but was destroyed by the atomic bomb. It was later restored, but as it continued to deteriorate, it was opened as the Rai Sanyo Historical Site Museum in 1995 (Heisei 7). The room where Sanyo was imprisoned has been restored as "Rai Sanyo's Residence" and is designated as a national historic site. Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture © Aizawa Hiroshi ">

Rai Sanyo Historical Site Museum

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

江戸後期の漢詩人、史家。名を襄(のぼる)、字(あざな)を子成、号を山陽・三十六峰外史、通称を久太郎という。広島藩儒頼春水(しゅんすい)を父に、大坂の町医者飯岡義斎(いのおかぎさい)（1717―1789）の娘静子（1760―1843。号を梅颸(ばいし)）を母に、その長男として安永(あんえい)9年12月27日大坂・江戸堀に生まれる。幼時より神経症に悩まされ、治療を兼ねて、18歳のとき叔父杏坪(きょうへい)に伴われて江戸に遊学したが、翌1798年帰郷した。21歳、突如脱藩出奔したが、探し出され、24歳まで自宅の一室に監禁された。この間に『日本外史』の草稿執筆が始まったという。1803年（享和3）廃嫡のうえ、幽閉を許された。1809年（文化6）30歳、父の友人菅茶山(かんさざん)の廉塾(れんじゅく)の塾頭になったが満足せず、1811年、京都に出て塾を開いた。父春水の没後、1818年（文政1）には西遊の旅にたち、約1年間九州各地を遊歴して見聞を広めた。「雲か山か呉(ご)か越(えつ)か　水天髣髴青一髪(ほうふつせいいっぱつ)」という詩句で有名な『天草洋(あまくさなだ)に泊す』という詩は、この旅中の絶唱である。このころから山陽の名も高まり、小石元瑞(こいしげんずい)、篠崎小竹(しのざきしょうちく)、浦上春琴(うらかみしゅんきん)（1779―1846）などの親友や多くの門人に囲まれ、京都の文人界の中心人物となっていった。日本の武家の歴史を記した『日本外史』は、1826年（文政9）に成り、死後出版され幕末の志士たちに読まれて山陽の名を有名にした。ほかに『日本政記』（1832）、『山陽詩鈔(ししょう)』（1833）、『日本楽府(がふ)』（1828）、『山陽遺稿』（1841）などの著作がある。天保(てんぽう)3年9月23日、肺結核により53歳で没した。墓は京都東山長楽寺に現存する。幕末の志士三樹三郎は山陽の三男。

［揖斐　高　2016年7月19日］

頼山陽の思想

山陽はまず歴史家であり、そして文学者であるとともに政論家であった。内憂外患が発生し拡大していった歴史の転換期に生きた山陽は、歴史叙述に自己の天職をみいだして、情熱的な名文によって自己の所信を披瀝(ひれき)した。

　すなわち、歴史過程を倫理的に支配する「天」の応報を、(1)「勢(せい)」に即し政治の得失によって変化する応報と、(2)皇室の祖先の偉大なる積徳と結び付き天皇の君主としての地位を永遠に保障する不変の応報の二つに分け、この二つの「天」の応報観念によって、為政者の栄枯盛衰、政権の交替が不可避であること、それにもかかわらず天皇ないし皇室が無窮の存在であること、そして時勢と時機を知ることの重要性などを力説したのである。

［石毛　忠　2016年7月19日］

『木崎愛吉・頼成一編『頼山陽全書』全8巻（1931～1932・頼山陽先生遺蹟顕彰会／復刻版・1983・国書刊行会）』▽『植手通有校注『日本思想大系49　頼山陽』（1977・岩波書店）』▽『頼惟勤編訳『日本の名著28　頼山陽』（1984・中央公論社）』▽『中村真一郎著『頼山陽とその時代』（1971・中央公論社／中公文庫）』

頼山陽史跡資料館
江戸時代後期の漢詩人頼山陽にかかわる資料をはじめ、近世芸備文化に関する各種資料を展示する。当地はかつて頼家の屋敷があった場所で、1935年（昭和10）に山陽記念館が建築されたが、原爆によって大破。のちに修復されたものの老朽化が進んだため、95年（平成7）に頼山陽史跡資料館として整備された。山陽が幽閉されていた一室は「頼山陽居室」として復元され、国の史跡に指定されている。広島県広島市©相澤　弘">

頼山陽史跡資料館

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