Born: August 29, 1871, Mercile Haut [Died] March 6, 1950. Paris. French politician. 14th and last president of the Third Republic (in office 1932-40). In 1939, when World War II began, he tried to maintain French unity amid domestic political conflict and the German military threat, but was unable to exercise effective leadership. He was a mining engineer educated at the Lycée Nationale Supérieure des Mines in Nancy, the École Polytechnique, and the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines. He was elected to the Lorraine Chamber of Deputies in 1900, a senator in 1920, and president of the senate in 1931. During this time, he served as Minister of Colonies from 1911-13 and 1913-14, and Minister of War in 1913. A moderate conservative, Leblanc was elected President of the Republic in May 1932, mainly for the compromise choice that would be acceptable to all factions. As a mediator and a symbol of national unity, he was well adapted to both left and right governments, and rarely exercised political influence over cabinet appointments or policies. He was re-elected president in April 1939. When Germany invaded France early in World War II, he wanted to lead a government in exile, but he finalized a cabinet decision in June 1940 and signed an armistice with Germany. In July 1940, he reluctantly approved constitutional reforms in Vichy, and Marshal Philippe Pétain took over as head of state (→Vichy government). After retiring to Vizille near Grenoble, he was interned by German troops in Itter, Tyrol, from 1943 to 1944. After the liberation of France by the Allied forces, he recognized General Charles-André Joseph Marie de Gaulle as head of the provisional government and retired from politics. In his autobiography, "Témoignage" (1945), he attempts to shed light on the events of this turbulent time. LeBlanc |
[生]1871.8.29. メルシールオー [没]1950.3.6. パリ フランスの政治家。第三共和政第14代,かつ最後の大統領(在任 1932~40)。第2次世界大戦が開戦した 1939年,国内の政治対立やドイツの軍事的脅威のなかでフランスの統一を保とうと努めたが,有効な指導力を発揮できなかった。ナンシーの国立高等中学校(リセ),エコール・ポリテクニク,エコール・ナシオナル・シュペリュール・デ・ミーヌ(国立高等鉱業学校)で教育を受けた鉱山技師だった。1900年ロレーヌの下院議員に選出され,1920年上院議員,1931年上院議長となった。この間,1911~13年,1913~14年植民地大臣,1913年戦争大臣などを歴任。穏健保守派のルブランは 1932年5月,全派閥に受け入れられる妥協的選択をおもな理由に,共和国大統領に選出された。調停役として,また国家統一の象徴として,左右どちらの政権にもうまく順応し,閣僚の任命や政策に政治的影響力を行使することはほとんどなかった。1939年4月大統領に再選。第2次世界大戦の初期にドイツがフランスに侵攻すると,亡命政権を率いることを望んだが,1940年6月の閣議決定をまとめてドイツと休戦条約を結んだ。同 1940年7月には不本意ながらビシーで憲法の改正を承認し,フィリップ・ペタン元帥が国家主席として政権を引き継いだ(→ビシー政府)。グルノーブル近郊のビジルに隠居後,1943~44年にドイツ軍によってチロルのイッターに抑留された。連合軍によってフランスが解放されると,シャルル・アンドレ・ジョゼフ・マリ・ドゴール将軍を暫定政府の首長と認めて政界から引退。自伝 "Témoignage"(1945)のなかで,この混乱の時代の出来事を解明しようと試みている。 ルブラン
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