Phosphorescence

P. An element with atomic number 15. It is in group ¹⁵ of the periodic table with the electron configuration [Ne] ^3s23p3 . Atomic weight 30.973762(2). It is one of the mononuclear elements that exists in nature, with only one nuclide with mass number 31. Radioactive nuclides with mass numbers between 24 and 46 are known. 32P has a half-life of 14.3 d and is widely used as a tracer. Yellow phosphorus was discovered in urine by H. Brand in the alchemical era (1669), and was named after the Greek word ωσορο (fosforos), which means "light-carrying", because it emits phosphorescence. Udagawa Yoan wrote it as phosphorus phosphorus in his book "Semitsu Kaisou" published in 1837.
The main minerals are apatite (Ca ₅ F(PO ₄ ) ₃ ), blue-and-white ironite (Fe ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ ･8H ₂ O), and sargassum (Al ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ (OH) ₃ ･5H ₂ O). Morocco and the western Sahara account for 42% of reserves, China for 26%, and the United States for 7%. China's production (2007) was 24%, the United States for 20%, and Morocco and the western Sahara for 19%. When calcium phosphate (phosphate rock, bone ash, seabird droppings) is mixed with silicic acid and reduced with carbon (coke, etc.), phosphorus is distilled as gaseous P _4. This is rapidly cooled to produce white phosphorus (yellow phosphorus). Its melting point is 44.2°C, its boiling point is 280°C, and its density is 1.82 (white phosphorus (yellow phosphorus)) and 2.2 (red phosphorus). 2.69 (black phosphorus) g cm ^-3 (20 °C). There are two modifications of phosphorus: nonmetallic white phosphorus consisting of ₄ P molecules, and metallic phosphorus similar to graphite. Yellow, red, and red phosphorus are solid solutions of these modifications, while purple and black phosphorus are metallic phosphorus modifications. Electrical conductivity, chemical reactivity, solubility, and toxicity vary significantly depending on the modification. White phosphorus is an insulator, while black phosphorus is a semiconductor. White phosphorus is insoluble in water and soluble in carbon disulfide. It spontaneously combusts in air to form tetraphosphorus decaoxide P ₄ O _10. It turns into red phosphorus when exposed to light (sunlight) or heated in the presence of its own vapor. Industrially, it is obtained by slowly heating yellow phosphorus in an aqueous phase below its boiling point. It is insoluble in carbon disulfide. It sublimes at 417 °C (atmospheric pressure). Phosphorus becomes phosphoric acid when treated with nitric acid, and in a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution it produces hydrogen phosphide PH ₃ and sodium phosphinate NaPH ₂ O ₂ . It reacts violently with oxygen and chlorine to form P ₄ O ₁₀ (not diphosphorus pentoxide) with oxidation number 5 and phosphorus pentachloride.
Yellow phosphorus is used directly as a smoke emitter, but is often used in the form of red phosphorus, which is less toxic and less reactive. It is the starting material for the manufacture of many phosphorus compounds. Phosphorus is also used to make an alloy called phosphorus bronze, but most of it is used as a phosphate compound in fertilizer, metal surface treatment fluids, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, detergents, food, plasticizers for resins, and flame retardants. Fertilizer accounts for 80% of the demand in Japan. Phosphate ions are important elements that are essential to living organisms, as they are the building blocks of DNA and ATP, the energy source for living organisms, and a component of bones and teeth. Phosphorus compounds have oxidation numbers from -3 to 5, and condensed polyphosphates and the peroxide peroxolinic acid are also obtained. Organophosphate compounds include sarin, soman, tabun, and VX, which are used as chemical weapons. "Yellow phosphorus (also known as white phosphorus)" is classified as a poison under the Poisonous and Deleterious Substances Control Law, a specific substance under the Air Pollution Control Law, a harmful air pollutant under the Air Pollution Control Law, a harmful substance requiring notification of its name under the Industrial Safety and Health Law (labeling of names, etc.), a Class 3 dangerous substance under the Fire Service Law, and a Class A substance under the Marine Pollution Prevention Law. It is an extremely dangerous and highly toxic substance that causes burns on contact with the skin, has acute effects on the central nervous system and other parts of the body, and the liver when ingested, and can cause severe eye damage. [CAS 7723-14-0][See other terms] Phosphide

Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition

P．原子番号15の元素．電子配置[Ne]3s²3p³の周期表15族元素．原子量30.973762(2)．天然には質量数31の核種のみ存在する単核種元素の一つ．質量数24～46の放射性核種が知られる．32Pは半減期14.3 d でトレーサーとして多用される．錬金術時代(1669年)にH.Brandにより尿中に黄リンが発見され，りん光を発することから“光を運ぶ”という意味のギリシア語ωσορο(fosforos)から命名された．宇田川榕菴は天保8年(1837年)出版の「舎密開宗」で，波斯波律斯(ホスホーリュス)燐と記載している．
主要鉱物として，りん灰石(アパタイト，Ca₅F(PO₄)₃)，藍(らん)鉄鉱Fe₃(PO₄)₂･8H₂O，銀星石Al₃(PO₄)₂(OH)₃･5H₂Oなど．埋蔵量ではモロッコとサハラ西部42％，中国26％，アメリカ7％．産出量(2007年)では中国24％，アメリカ20％，モロッコとサハラ西部19％．リン酸カルシウム(リン鉱石，骨灰，海鳥ふん)にケイ酸を混合し，炭素(コークスなど)で還元すると，リンが気体の P₄ として蒸留される．これを急冷して白リン(黄リン)をつくる．融点44.2 ℃，沸点280 ℃，密度1.82(白リン(黄リン))，2.2(赤リン)．2.69(黒リン)g cm^－3(20 ℃)．リンの変態には P₄ 分子からなる非金属性の白リンとグラファイトに似た金属リンとがある．黄リン，赤リン，紅リンはこれらの変態の固溶体，紫リン，黒リンは金属リン変態とされている．導電性，化学反応性，溶解度，毒性などが変態によりいちじるしく差がある．白リンは絶縁体，黒リンは半導体．白リンは水に不溶，二硫化炭素に可溶．空気中で自然発火して十酸化四リンP₄O₁₀となる．光(日光)照射または自己の蒸気存在下の加熱により，赤リンにかわる．工業的には，黄リンを水相中で沸点以下でゆっくり加熱転化すると得られる．二硫化炭素に不溶．417 ℃(大気圧)で昇華する．リンは硝酸によりリン酸となり，濃い水酸化ナトリウム溶液ではリン化水素PH₃とホスフィン酸ナトリウムNaPH₂O₂を生じる．酸素，塩素とははげしく反応し，酸化数5のP₄O₁₀(五酸化二リンではない)および五塩化リンとなる．
黄リンとしては発煙剤などの直接利用もあるが，毒性，反応性がともに少ない赤リンの形で使われることが多い．多くのリン化合物製造の出発物質となる．リンはリン青銅とよばれる合金の材料にもなるが，多くはリン酸化合物として肥料，そのほか，金属表面処理液，医薬品，農薬，洗剤，食品，樹脂の可塑剤，難燃剤などに利用される．わが国の需要の80％ は肥料である．リン酸イオンはDNAや生物のエネルギー源ATP，骨・歯の構成物質として生物に不可欠の元素として重要である．リンの化合物は酸化数－3～5まであり，縮合ポリリン酸，過酸化物のベルオキソリン酸も得られている．有機リン酸化合物中には化学兵器として利用されるサリン，ソマン，タブン，VXなどがある．「黄リン(別名白リン)」は，毒物および劇物取締法毒物，大気汚染防止法・特定物質，大気汚染防止法・有害大気汚染物質，労働安全衛生法〔名称等表示〕名称等を通知すべき有害物，消防法〔危険物〕危険物第3類，海洋汚染防止法・A類物質等となっている．皮膚に触れると火傷を生じ，経口摂取により中枢神経系およびほかの全身性作用，肝臓に急性作用があり，重篤な眼の損傷を起こす，きわめて危険な猛毒物質である．[CAS 7723-14-0][別用語参照]リン化物

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