A plucked string instrument that was extremely popular in Europe from the Middle Ages through the Renaissance and Baroque periods. Shaped like an egg split lengthwise, it is characterized by a body about 50 centimeters long, a wide and short neck, and a string box (where the pegs are attached) that bends almost at a right angle to the rear. The back of the body is curved by joining several thin boards horizontally. There are openwork sound holes near the top of the top and a string holder below the top, and no bridge is used. The strings are wound around the neck in 7 to 10 places, which form frets. The strings are made of gut, and as a 16th century instrument it has six double-string courses, except for the highest string, which is a single string for playing melodies. Tuning is considered according to the music being played, and although it varies depending on the era, the standard tuning is G2 - C3 - F3 - A3 - D4 - G4 , with the lower 2nd and 3rd courses usually being one octave apart. There are lutes with different ranges and sizes, and they are tuned differently. In the Middle Ages, a plectrum was used for playing, but by the 16th century, the technique of plucking the lute directly with the fingers had become established. The oldest surviving score for lute music is a collection of songs published in Italy in 1507, followed by many other countries, including vocal arrangements and dance pieces, as well as solos, ensembles, and songs for lute and vocals. The scores were not written on a staff, but in tablature, which indicates the strings to be plucked and the frets to be pressed, and indicate the strings to be plucked and the frets to be pressed. Tablature was also used for plucked string instruments other than the lute until the beginning of the 18th century. The lute, which had spread throughout Europe since the 11th and 12th centuries and was even called the "king (queen) of instruments" as a court instrument, gradually lost popularity around the 17th century. In Italy, the focus shifted from the beginning of the 17th century to the theorbo and chitarrone, which have a lower range than the lute, and in other regions, the instrument also began to decline by the middle of the 17th century. On the other hand, the lute survived for a relatively long time in Germany, and J.S. Bach left behind works for the lute. [Maekawa Haruhisa] Lute familyIn the classification of musical instruments by C. Sachs, any stringed instrument consisting of a neck and a body, whether plucked or bowed, is called a "lute," and stringed instruments are broadly divided into four types: zithers, lutes, lyres, and harps. On the other hand, in the classification by Hornbostel-Sachs, a stringed instrument is one in which the sounding body is not merely an addition, but in which the strings and the sounding body are organically connected, and is classified as a compound stringed instrument, which is distinguished from a simple stringed instrument (zither). In this classification, the "lute" is a subcategory of the former. The lute genus in C. Sachs's classification includes the violin, guitar, shamisen, and Chinese fiddle, but it first appeared in Mesopotamia around 2000 BC and in Egypt around 1500 BC, and was also used in Greece. The prototype of the European lute, with a neck shorter than the body, is thought to have been born in Persia in the 8th century BC and was recognized in India in the 1st century AD. This was introduced to China and Japan, where it became the biwa (lute). This prototype also spread to Arabia, where it was called the oud, and was brought to Europe by Arab immigrants in the 13th century. The name "lute" comes from the Arabic word oud, which means wood. [Maekawa Haruhisa] [Reference] | |1596 Length: 58.4 cm Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Germany lute Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
中世からルネサンス、バロック時代にかけてヨーロッパで非常に愛好された撥弦(はつげん)楽器。卵を縦に割ったような形で、50センチメートルくらいの長さの胴、幅が広く短い棹(さお)、後方にほとんど直角に曲がった糸蔵(いとぐら)(糸巻のつけられた部分)が特徴的である。胴の裏板は、細長い板を横に何枚もつなぐことで曲面をつくっている。表板の上寄りに透(すかし)彫りの響孔が、表板上の下方に糸留めがあり、駒(こま)は用いない。棹には7~10か所に弦を巻き、フレットにする。弦はガット製で、16世紀の楽器で複弦6コースだが、最高音弦だけは旋律の演奏のために単弦である。調弦は演奏する音楽にあわせて考えられ、時代による違いもあるが、標準的な調弦としては、いちおうG2―C3―F3―A3―D4―G4があげられ、低いほうの2、3コースは1オクターブ間隔とすることが普通であった。音域や大きさの異なるリュートもあり、調弦も異なる。演奏には、中世ではプレクトラム(爪(つめ))が用いられたが、16世紀には直接指ではじく奏法が確立していた。 リュート音楽の現存する最古の楽譜は、1507年にイタリアで出版された曲集で、続いて他の諸国でも、声楽の編曲や舞曲を中心に、独奏や重奏、歌とリュートのための曲集が数多く出版された。その楽譜には、五線譜ではなく、リュートの各コースに対応した線を引き、はじく弦と押さえるフレットを指示したタブラチュアとよばれる記譜法が使われた。タブラチュアは、18世紀初めまで、リュート以外の撥弦楽器用にも用いられた。11~12世紀以降、ヨーロッパ諸国に普及し、宮廷楽器として「楽器の王(女王)」とまで称されるようになったリュートも、17世紀ごろからしだいに人気を失っていく。イタリアでは、17世紀初めからリュートよりも低いほうに音域が広いテオルボやキタローネに中心が移っていき、他の地域でも17世紀なかばには衰退に向かう。一方、ドイツでは比較的長く存続し、J・S・バッハはリュートのための作品を残している。 [前川陽郁] リュート属C・ザックスの楽器分類法では、撥弦、擦弦を問わず、棹と胴からなる弦鳴楽器を「リュート」とし、弦鳴楽器をチター、リュート、リラ、ハープの4種に大きく分けている。一方、ホルンボステル‐ザックスの分類では、共鳴胴が単なる付加物ではなく、弦と共鳴胴が有機的に結び付けられているものを複合弦鳴楽器とし、単純弦鳴楽器(チター)と区別している。ここでは「リュート」は前者の下位分類になる。 C・ザックスの分類法におけるリュート属には、バイオリン、ギター、三味線、胡弓(こきゅう)などが含まれるが、古くは紀元前2000年ごろのメソポタミア、前1500年ごろのエジプトに現れるほか、ギリシアでも用いられた。ヨーロッパのリュートのように棹が胴より短いタイプの祖型は、前8世紀のペルシアに誕生したと考えられ、紀元後1世紀にはインドにも認められた。これが中国や日本に伝えられ、琵琶(びわ)となる。一方、この祖型はアラブにも伝わり、ウードとよばれ、13世紀にはアラビア系の移民によってヨーロッパへもたらされた。「リュート」の名も、アラビア語で木を意味するウード'Ūdに由来する。 [前川陽郁] [参照項目] | |1596年 全長58.4cm ドイツメトロポリタン美術館所蔵"> リュート 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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