An Iranian dynasty (1501-1736). The family of Safi ad-Din (1252/3-1334/5), who founded the Safavid Sufi order in Ardebir, Azerbaijan, became increasingly Shiite and militaristic from around the 15th century. During the reign of Ismail I, he led the Kizilbash army, made up of Shiite Turkmen, and established control over Azerbaijan. In 1501, he established the Safavid dynasty, with Tabriz as its capital. The name of this dynasty comes from the name of its founder, Safi ad-Din. Taking advantage of the decline of the Timurid dynasty, Ismail quickly pacified the whole of Iran, building a vast empire stretching from the Euphrates River to Afghanistan. He called himself Shah (the title of an Iranian king), made the Twelver Shiite sect the state religion, and restored political independence for the Iranians for the first time in 500 years since the fall of the Samanid dynasty. The fifth dynasty, Abbas I, established a centralized state system with Isfahan as its capital, reorganizing the bureaucracy and reforming the military. It reached its peak by overwhelming the Ottoman Empire in the west and the Uzbek Turks in the east. However, after the death of Abbas I, the dynasty began to collapse from within due to a lack of talented successors and constant conflicts between the military and the nobility. Finally, in 1722, the capital Isfahan fell to an attack by the emerging Afghan tribes, and the dynasty was destroyed in 1736. Under the rule of this dynasty, the Iranians completely established Shiiteism and developed a purely Iranian culture, laying the direct foundation for today's Iranian society and culture. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
イランの王朝 (1501~1736) 。アゼルバイジャンのアルデビールでサファビー・スーフィー教団を創始したサフィー・ウッディーン (1252/3~1334/5) の一族は,15世紀頃よりシーア派的,軍事的性格を強め,イスマーイール1世のとき,シーア派トルクメンから成るクズルバシュ軍を率いてアゼルバイジャンに支配権を確立,1501年タブリーズを首都としてサファビー朝を創設した。この王朝名は始祖サフィー・ウッディーンの名に由来する。イスマーイールはチムール朝の衰退に乗じてたちまちイラン全土を平定し,ユーフラテス川からアフガニスタンにいたる大帝国を建設,みずからシャー (イランの王号) と号し,シーア派十二イマーム派を国教として,サーマン朝滅亡以来 500年ぶりにイラン人の政治的独立を回復した。5代目アッバース1世はイスファハンを首都として,官僚機構の整備,軍制改革などにより中央集権的国家体制を確立。西のオスマン帝国,東のウズベク・トルコ族を圧倒して最盛期を現出した。しかし,アッバース1世の没後,後継者に人材を得ず,また軍隊や貴族間の相克が絶えず,同王朝は内部より崩壊しはじめ,ついに 1722年新興のアフガン族の攻撃を受けて首都イスファハンが陥落,36年滅亡した。この王朝治下にイラン人はシーア主義を完全に定着させ,また純粋にイラン的な文化を発展させて,今日のイランの社会,文化の直接的基盤を築き上げた。
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