Rhyolite - ryumongan (English spelling) rhyolite

Japanese: 流紋岩 - りゅうもんがん(英語表記)rhyolite
Rhyolite - ryumongan (English spelling) rhyolite

It is a volcanic rock that contains the most silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) (about 70% or more) and has a chemical composition equivalent to granite. In the past, it was called quartz trachyte (liparite), but now it is called rhyolite. Most rhyolites have a porphyritic texture and contain phenocrysts of quartz and alkali feldspar (sanidine). It sometimes contains sodium-rich plagioclase, biotite, hornblende, magnetite, or augite, orthopyroxene, olivine, and garnet as phenocrysts, but in small amounts. The groundmass is glassy or fine-grained, and is white, light gray, or light brown in color. The crystalline groundmass is mainly composed of quartz and other silica minerals (tridymite, cristobalite), alkali feldspar, with small amounts of magnetite, zircon, apatite, titanite, etc. The glassy groundmass is easily devitrified, and in rhyolite from before the Tertiary period of the Cenozoic Era, the glass parts are often transformed into aggregates of fine cristobalite crystals. Glassy rhyolite that contains almost no phenocrysts is called obsidian, pitchstone, or perlite depending on its appearance. Obsidian is a black glass-like material, while pitchstone is a greenish-brown material with a resinous luster. Perlite is glass with developed spherical cracks, which is formed when rhyolite comes into contact with water while it is hot. Rhyolite is a calc-alkaline volcanic rock that occurs abundantly in continents and the surrounding orogenic belts as lava flows, lava domes, dikes, pyroclastic flow deposits from large-scale eruptions, or pyroclastic fall deposits (pumice and volcanic ash). Rhyolite that contains alkali amphibole (arfvedsonite, riebeckite) and alkali pyroxene (aegirine) is called alkaline rhyolite to distinguish it from calc-alkaline rhyolite.

The origin of rhyolitic magma is as follows:
(1) Formed by the crystallization differentiation of basaltic to andesitic magma
(2) Formed by partial melting of rocks in the lower crust
(3) It is thought that it was formed by the mixing and assimilation of magma and rocks in the earth's crust. In the Japanese archipelago, most of it is from the Cretaceous Period of the Mesozoic era (in the inner zone of southwestern Japan) and the Neogene Period of the Cenozoic era (Green Tuff region). Rhyolite lava is used as a lightweight building stone (fireproof stone on Niijima Island in Izu). Porous rhyolite lava and pumice have excellent insulating and heat-retaining properties, so they are also used as aggregate for fireproof mortar, aggregate for lightweight concrete, lightweight blocks, and exterior tiles. After being finely crushed, it is molded with adhesive and fired to be used as a soft abrasive.

[Tokiko Chiba]

[Reference items] | Volcanic rock | Anti-firestone | Obsidian
Rhyolite
Produced in Oga Peninsula, Akita Prefecture ©Shogakukan

Rhyolite


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

二酸化ケイ素SiO2(シリカ)をもっとも多く(約70%以上)含む火山岩で、花崗(かこう)岩に相当する化学組成をもつ。かつて石英粗面岩lipariteなどの名称が用いられたことがあったが、現在はもっぱら流紋岩が使用されている。流紋岩の多くは斑(はん)状組織を示し、石英やアルカリ長石(サニディン)の斑晶を含む。ときにはナトリウムの多い斜長石、黒雲母(くろうんも)、普通角閃(かくせん)石(ホルンブレンド)、磁鉄鉱など、あるいは普通輝石(オージャイト)、斜方輝石、橄欖(かんらん)石、ざくろ石を斑晶として含むが、それらの量は少ない。石基はガラス質または細粒で、白色、淡灰色、淡褐色である。結晶質の石基は、石英とその他のシリカ鉱物(鱗珪(りんけい)石(トリディマイト)、クリストバル石)、アルカリ長石が主体で、わずかに磁鉄鉱、ジルコン、燐灰(りんかい)石、チタン石などを伴う。ガラス質の石基は脱ガラス化しやすく、新生代第三紀以前の流紋岩ではガラスの部分がクリストバル石の微細な結晶の集合体に変化していることが多い。斑晶をほとんど含まないガラス質の流紋岩は、見かけによって黒曜岩、ピッチストーンpitchstone(松脂(しょうし)岩)、パーライトperlite(真珠岩)とよばれる。黒曜岩は黒色ガラス状、ピッチストーンは樹脂状光沢のある緑褐色のものをいう。パーライトはガラスに球状の割れ目が発達したものをいい、これは流紋岩が熱いうちに水と接触したためにできる。流紋岩は溶岩流、溶岩円頂丘、岩脈、大規模噴火の火砕流堆積(たいせき)物あるいは降下火砕堆積物(軽石や火山灰)として、大陸とその周辺の造山帯に多産するカルク・アルカリ岩系火山岩である。アルカリ角閃石(アルベゾン閃石、リーベック閃石)、アルカリ輝石(エジリン)を含む流紋岩は、カルク・アルカリ岩系流紋岩と区別してアルカリ流紋岩とよばれる。

 流紋岩質マグマの成因として、
(1)玄武岩~安山岩質マグマの結晶分化作用によって生じる
(2)地殻下部の岩石の部分融解でできる
(3)マグマと地殻の岩石の混合・同化作用でできる
などが考えられている。日本列島では中生代白亜紀(西南日本内帯)と新生代新第三紀(グリーンタフ地域)のものが多い。流紋岩溶岩は軽量の建築用石材(伊豆新島(にいじま)の抗火(こうか)石)として用いられている。多孔質の流紋岩溶岩や軽石は断熱性と保温性に優れているので、耐火モルタル用骨材、軽量コンクリート用骨材、軽量ブロック、外装タイルにも使われる。また微粉砕後、接着剤で成形、焼成して軟らかい研磨材としても使われる。

[千葉とき子]

[参照項目] | 火山岩 | 抗火石 | 黒曜石
流紋岩
秋田県 男鹿半島産©Shogakukan">

流紋岩


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