American linguist. Professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology since 1961. It is said that he revolutionized the field of grammar with a series of writings from the mid-1950s. In 1988 (Showa 63), he was awarded the 4th Kyoto Prize (Basic Sciences) for his contributions to the field of cognitive science. He studied structural linguistics under Zellig S. Harris (1909-1992) at the University of Pennsylvania, and developed his own theory of transformational generative grammar based on the concept of "transformation" proposed by Harris. His theory was first published in Syntactic Structures (1957), and he completed what is called the standard theory of transformational generative grammar in Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965). He continued to develop it, and after going through the extended standard theory, he presented a more organic theory in Lectures on Government and Binding (1981). In subsequent developments, he removed traditional rules and constraints and began to consider the syntactic department as an extremely simplified computational system ( The Minimalist Program, published in 1995). Chomsky pointed out the limitations of structuralist linguistics and criticized the empiricist philosophy on which it is based, while developing a more spiritualistic theory of language based on the rationalist philosophy. In particular, he assumed that children's language acquisition ability is innate, and that the ultimate goal of linguistic theory is to clarify this acquisition ability. Chomsky's influence is widespread not only in the field of linguistics, but also in philosophy, computer science, psychology, and sociology. However, Chomsky's research method, which considers language ability to be an autonomous and special cognitive function and pursues its investigation independently from the problem of language usage, is questioned by many cognitive psychologists who emphasize the continuity between language ability and other cognitive functions and believe that ability and its usage cannot be considered separately. He is also active in the anti-war movement and other civic movements, and is a prolific writer in this field. He is also widely known among intellectuals as the thinker Chomsky. [Katayoshi Shibatani July 20, 2018] "Grammatical Structures, translated by Isamu Yasuo (1963, Kenkyusha Publishing)" ▽ "The Responsibility of Intellectuals, by N. Chomsky, translated by Yoshida Takeshi and Mizuochi Ichiro (1969, revised and retitled version, American Power and the New Bureaucracy, 1970, Taiyosha)" ▽ "Aspects of Grammar Theory, translated by Yasui Minoru (1970, Kenkyusha Publishing)" ▽ "Foundations of Modern Linguistics, by N. Chomsky and M. Hare, translated by Hashimoto Mantaro and Harada Shinichi (1972, Taishukan Shoten)" ▽ "For the Country 1: The Pentagon's Pageboys" and "For the Country 2: State Reason or Absolute Liberty," by Noam Chomsky, translated by Iida Momo (1975, Kawade Shobo Shinsha)" ▽ "Knowledge and Freedom, by Noam Chomsky, translated by Kawamoto Shigeo (1975, Bancho Shobo)" ▽ "Cartesian Linguistics: A Chapter in the History of Rationalism, by Noam Chomsky, translated by Shigeo Kawamoto, new edition (1976, Misuzu Shobo)" ▽ "Semantic Studies of Generative Grammar, by Noam Chomsky, translated by Minoru Yasui (1976, Kenkyusha Publishing)" ▽ "Linguistics: A Human Scientific Reflection, by N. Chomsky, translated by Kazuko Inoue et al. (1979, Taishukan Shoten)" ▽ "Intellectuals and the State, by Noam Chomsky, translated by Nozomi Kawamura (1981, TBS Britannica)" ▽ "Form and Interpretation, by Noam Chomsky, translated by Minoru Yasui (1982, Kenkyusha Publishing)" ▽ "Language and Cognition: Human Intelligence from a Grammar Perspective, by N. Chomsky, translated by Kazuko Inoue et al. (1984, Taishukan Shoten)" ▽ "Command and Binding Theory" and "The Significance and Development of Command and Binding Theory" (translated by Yasui Minoru and Haraguchi Shosuke, 1986, 1987, Kenkyusha Publishing)" ▽ "Language and Knowledge: Managua Lectures (Linguistics Edition)" by Noam Chomsky, translated by Takubo Yukinori and Gunji Takao (1989, Sangyo Tosho)" ▽ "Barrier Theory" by Noam Chomsky, translated by Tonoike Shigeo, Oishi Masayuki (supervised translation), Kitahara Hisatsugu et al. (1993, Kenkyusha Publishing)" ▽ "What America Really Wants" by Noam Chomsky, translated by Masuoka Masaru (1994, Gendai Kikakushitsu)" ▽ "Language and Mind" revised and updated edition by Noam Chomsky, translated by Kawamoto Shigeo (1996, translated by Machida Ken, 2011, Kawade Shobo Shinsha)" ▽ "The Minimalist Program, supervised translation by Tonoike Shigeo and Oishi Masayuki (1998, Shoeisha)" ▽ "Language and Thought, by Noam Chomsky and Kuroda Shigeyuki, translated by Oishi Masayuki (1999, Shohakusha)" ▽ "9/11: America Has No Right to Revenge!, by Noam Chomsky, translated by Yamazaki Jun" (2001, Bungeishunju/Bunshun Bunko) ▽ Noam Chomsky, translated by Tsukada Kozo, "Rogue States" and the New War: Shedding Light on the Deeper Meaning of the September 11 Attacks (2002, Arataka Publishing) ▽ Noam Chomsky, translated by Masuoka Masaru, Ohno Yutaka, and Stephanie Koop, "American "Humanitarian" Militarism: Lessons from Kosovo" (2002, Gendai Kikakushitsu) ▽ Noam Chomsky, edited by Adriana Belletti and Luigi Rizzi, translated by Oishi Masayuki and Toyoshima Takayuki, "Nature and Language" (2008, Kenkyusha) ▽ Noam Chomsky, translated by Fukui Naoki and Tsujiko Mihoko, "The Agenda of Generative Grammar" (2011, Iwanami Shoten) ▽ "Chomsky's Collection of Fundamentals of Language," edited and translated by Fukui Naoki (2012, Iwanami Shoten) "Syntax Structures" by Chomsky, translated by Fukui Naoki and Tsujiko Mihoko (Iwanami Bunko)" ▽ "Chomsky" by John Lyons, translated by Hasegawa Kinsuke and Baba Akira (1985, Iwanami Gendai Sensho)" ▽ "Chomsky Dictionary" edited by Imai Kunihiko (1986, Taishukan Shoten) ▽ "Chomsky Theory Dictionary" edited by Haraguchi Shosuke and Nakamura Masaru (1992, Kenkyusha Publishing)" ▽ "Modern Linguistics: Developments from the Chomsky Revolution" by N. Smith and D. Wilson, translated by Yamada Yoshiaki and Tsuchiya Motoko (1996, Shinyosha)" ▽ "Noam Chomsky: Academics and Politics" by Robert F. Barsky, translated by Tsuchiya Shun and Tsuchiya Kiwako (1998, Sangyo Tosho) ▽ "Chomsky" by Tanaka Katsuhiko (Iwanami Gendai Bunko) [Reference items] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカの言語学者。1961年よりマサチューセッツ工科大学教授。1950年代中期より、一連の著述によって文法学界に革命をもたらしたといわれている。1988年(昭和63)認知科学分野での貢献により第4回京都賞(基礎科学部門)を受賞。 ペンシルベニア大学においてゼリッグ・ハリスZellig S. Harris(1909―1992)の下で構造主義言語学の教えを受け、ハリスの提唱した「変形」という概念を基礎にし、自身の変形生成文法理論を発展させた。学説は『文法の構造』Syntactic Structures(1957)において初めて公にされ、『文法理論の諸相』Aspects of the Theory of Syntax(1965)において、変形生成文法の標準理論といわれるものを完成させた。さらにその後も発展を続け、拡大標準理論を経て、『統率・束縛理論』Lectures on Government and Binding(1981)では、より有機的な理論を提示している。その後の展開においては、従来の規則や制約を取り除き、統語部門を、極端に簡略化された計算システムと考える方向を打ち出している(『ミニマリスト・プログラム』The Minimalist Program、1995年刊)。 チョムスキーは、構造主義言語学の限界を指摘し、その理論的基盤となっている経験主義哲学を批判しつつ、自身は合理主義哲学による言語観をよりどころに、より精神主義的な言語理論を展開した。とくに、子供の言語習得能力を生得的なものと仮定し、その習得能力の解明こそが言語理論の終極的な目標であるとしている。チョムスキーの影響力は言語学界のみならず、哲学、コンピュータ科学、心理学、そして社会学にと広範囲に及んでいる。しかし、言語能力を自律的かつ特殊な認知機能と考え、その追究を言語運用の問題から独立的に進めるチョムスキーの研究方法は、言語能力と他の認知機能との連続性を重視し、能力とその運用は切り離して考えられないとする多くの認知心理学者などには疑問視されている。 なお、彼は反戦運動その他の市民運動にも積極的で、この方面の著述活動も活発であり、思想家チョムスキーとしても知識人一般に広く知られている。 [柴谷方良 2018年7月20日] 『勇康雄訳『文法の構造』(1963・研究社出版)』▽『N・チョムスキー著、吉田武士・水落一朗訳『知識人の責任』(1969/改題改訂版『アメリカン・パワーと新官僚』1970・太陽社)』▽『安井稔訳『文法理論の諸相』(1970・研究社出版)』▽『N・チョムスキー、M・ハレ著、橋本万太郎・原田信一訳『現代言語学の基礎』(1972・大修館書店)』▽『ノーアム・チョムスキー著、いいだもも訳『お国のために1 ペンタゴンのお小姓たち』『お国のために2 国家理由か絶対自由か』(1975・河出書房新社)』▽『ノーアム・チョムスキー著、川本茂雄訳『知識と自由』(1975・番町書房)』▽『ノーアム・チョムスキー著、川本茂雄訳『デカルト派言語学――合理主義思想の歴史の一章』新版(1976・みすず書房)』▽『ノーアム・チョムスキー著、安井稔訳『生成文法の意味論研究』(1976・研究社出版)』▽『N・チョムスキー著、井上和子他訳『言語論――人間科学的省察』(1979・大修館書店)』▽『ノーム・チョムスキー著、河村望訳『知識人と国家』(1981・TBSブリタニカ)』▽『ノーム・チョムスキー著、安井稔訳『形式と解釈』(1982・研究社出版)』▽『N・チョムスキー著、井上和子他訳『ことばと認識――文法からみた人間知性』(1984・大修館書店)』▽『安井稔・原口庄輔訳『統率・束縛理論』『統率・束縛理論の意義と展開』(1986、1987・研究社出版)』▽『ノーム・チョムスキー著、田窪行則・郡司隆男訳『言語と知識 マナグア講義録(言語学編)』(1989・産業図書)』▽『ノーム・チョムスキー著、外池滋生・大石正幸監訳、北原久嗣他訳『障壁理論』(1993・研究社出版)』▽『ノーム・チョムスキー著、益岡賢訳『アメリカが本当に望んでいること』(1994・現代企画室)』▽『ノーム・チョムスキー著、川本茂雄訳『言語と精神』改訂新装版(1996/町田健訳・2011・河出書房新社)』▽『外池滋生・大石正幸監訳『ミニマリスト・プログラム』(1998・翔泳社)』▽『ノーム・チョムスキー、黒田成幸著、大石正幸訳『言語と思考』(1999・松柏社)』▽『ノーム・チョムスキー著、山崎淳訳『9.11 アメリカに報復する資格はない!』(2001・文芸春秋/文春文庫)』▽『ノーム・チョムスキー著、塚田幸三訳『「ならず者国家」と新たな戦争――米同時多発テロの深層を照らす』(2002・荒竹出版)』▽『ノーム・チョムスキー著、益岡賢、大野裕、ステファニー・クープ訳『アメリカの「人道的」軍事主義――コソボの教訓』(2002・現代企画室)』▽『ノーム・チョムスキー著、アドリアナ・ベレッティ、ルイジ・リッツィ編、大石正幸・豊島孝之訳『自然と言語』(2008・研究社)』▽『ノーム・チョムスキー著、福井直樹・辻子美保子訳『生成文法の企て』(2011・岩波書店)』▽『福井直樹編訳『チョムスキー言語基礎論集』(2012・岩波書店)』▽『チョムスキー著、福井直樹・辻子美保子訳『統辞構造論』(岩波文庫)』▽『ジョン・ライアンズ著、長谷川欣佑・馬場彰訳『チョムスキー』(1985・岩波現代選書)』▽『今井邦彦編『チョムスキー小事典』(1986・大修館書店)』▽『原口庄輔・中村捷編『チョムスキー理論辞典』(1992・研究社出版)』▽『N・スミス、D・ウィルスン著、山田義昭・土屋元子訳『現代言語学――チョムスキー革命からの展開』(1996・新曜社)』▽『ロバート・F・バースキー著、土屋俊・土屋希和子訳『ノーム・チョムスキー 学問と政治』(1998・産業図書)』▽『田中克彦著『チョムスキー』(岩波現代文庫)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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