A curved line in a flow, the tangent of which at any point on the line coincides with the flow velocity vector v , is called a streamline. Since two flow velocity vectors cannot exist at one point, streamlines do not intersect. In a steady flow where the flow does not change over time, fluid particles move along streamlines, but in an unsteady flow, fluid particles move to different streamlines one after another. To see streamlines, sprinkle aluminum powder on the surface of flowing water and take a picture with a short shutter speed. Bernoulli's theorem gives the relationship between flow velocity and pressure on one streamline. Therefore, it should be noted that it cannot be used to determine the relationship between two points on different streamlines. When an object is placed in a flow, the flow has regular, smooth streamlines upstream of the object, but the streamlines become turbulent downstream. This is called a wake, and it occurs when the boundary layer separates. In the case of an airplane wing, the boundary layer does not separate from the wing, and therefore no wake appears. An object that does not exhibit a wake region like this is called streamlined, and airplane wings, bullets, ships, and fish have this type of shape. [Ryo Ikeuchi] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
流れの中の曲線で、その上の任意の点における接線が流速ベクトルvと一致するものを流線という。一つの点で二つの流速ベクトルは存在しえないから、流線は交わらない。流れのようすが時間的に変化しないような定常流では、流体粒子は流線に沿って運動するが、非定常な流れでは、流体粒子は次々と異なった流線に移っていく。流線を見るためには、流れている水の表面にアルミニウムの粉末をまき、短いシャッター時間で写真を撮ればよい。ベルヌーイの定理は、1本の流線上での流速と圧力の関係を与えている。したがって、異なった流線上の2点間の関係には使えないことに留意しなければならない。 流れの中に物体を置くと、物体の上流側では、流れは規則正しい滑らかな流線の形をしているが、下流側では流線は乱れてくる。これを伴流(はんりゅう)というが、伴流は境界層のはがれによって生ずる。飛行機の翼では、境界層は翼からはがれず、したがって伴流も現れない。このように伴流領域の現れない物体の形を流線形といい、飛行機の翼、弾丸、船、魚などはこのような形をとっている。 [池内 了] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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