A branch of chemistry that studies the spatial arrangement of atoms and atomic groups within molecules, with particular focus on problems of stereoisomerism and the relationship between the spatial arrangement of atoms and atomic groups and the reactivity and physical properties of compounds and chemical species. The beginning of organic compounds was the discovery of isomers of tartaric acid by the Frenchman Pasteur in 1848. From this point on, the foundation was laid by the introduction of the tetrahedral theory of carbon atoms (van't Hoff, Le Bel) and the concept of asymmetric carbon atoms, and the three-dimensional structure, configuration, and conformation of cyclic compounds, such as the structure of sugars, was widely studied by the German H. Fischer. Regarding inorganic compounds, the foundations were laid by the German Arthur Hantzsch (1857-1935) and Werner, focusing on complex ions, and research into isomerism based on various coordination structures has been accumulated. In both the fields of organic and inorganic chemistry, research into stereochemistry has developed rapidly since it became possible to precisely analyze molecular structures using physicochemical methods, and in addition to determining absolute structure using X-rays, infrared and Raman spectra, ultraviolet and visible absorption spectra, optical rotatory dispersion, nuclear magnetic resonance, etc. have come to be used. Conversely, these methods have revealed that many things that were previously thought to be simple have unexpectedly complex three-dimensional structures. One example is the discovery of rotational isomers by Mizushima Sanichiro and Morino Yonezo. Research into the stereoregularity of polypropylene and other polymers, as well as stereoregulated synthesis methods, would not have been possible without the fundamentals of stereochemistry. As research methods increase, this is a field that is expanding its scope even further. [Yamazaki Akira] "Introduction to Stereochemistry by Takahito Takeuchi (1980, Kodansha)" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
分子内の原子や原子団の空間的配置を研究する化学の一分野。立体異性の問題、あるいは原子や原子団の空間的配列と化合物や化学種の反応性、物理的性質などとの関連が研究の対象となる。 有機化合物については、フランスのパスツールによる酒石酸の異性体の発見(1848)がその端緒である。これからやがて炭素原子の四面体説(ファント・ホッフ、ル・ベル)、不斉炭素原子概念の導入によって基礎ができ、ドイツのH・フィッシャーによる糖類の構造など環式化合物の立体構造、立体配置、立体配座などが広く研究されてきた。 無機化合物に関しては、ドイツのハンチArthur Hantzsch(1857―1935)やウェルナーによって錯イオンを中心として基礎が築かれた。種々の配位構造に基づいた異性現象の研究が蓄積されてきた。 有機化学、無機化学の両分野ともに、分子構造を物理化学的方法によって精密に解析することが可能となってから立体化学の研究は急速に発展し、X線による絶対構造の決定のほか、赤外・ラマンスペクトル・紫外・可視の吸収スペクトルや旋光分散、核磁気共鳴などが利用されるようになった。逆にこれらの手法によって、いままで単純と思われていたものが案外に複雑な立体構造のものと判明したものも少なくない。水島三一郎、森野米三による回転異性体の発見などもその一例である。 ポリプロピレンなどの立体規則性の研究も立体規制合成法も、立体化学の基礎なくしてはありえなかったのである。研究手法の増加によりますます対象の広がりつつある分野といえよう。 [山崎 昶] 『竹内敬人著『立体化学入門』(1980・講談社)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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