Battle of Actium

Japanese: アクティウムの海戦 - あくてぃうむのかいせん
Battle of Actium

One of the decisive battles in ancient Rome. Actium is a cape at the head of the Ambracian Gulf in northwestern Greece. In the struggle for hegemony in Rome after the death of Caesar (44 BC), Antony allied with Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt, and came into conflict with Octavian (later Augustus), starting a war in 32 BC. The combined forces of Antony and Cleopatra advanced to the west coast of the Peloponnese Peninsula in Greece, a transit point between the eastern Mediterranean and Italy, while Octavian advanced troops from both land and sea, surrounding Antony's army. The decisive battle took place the following year, on September 2, 31 BC, off the coast of Cape Actium, where the main force of Antony's army was located.

The military strength of both sides was evenly matched, but Antony's army was superior in terms of the size of its ships. The two sides only clashed once, but Cleopatra's fleet left the battle line during the battle, and Antony pursued it, and together they retreated to Egypt, so Octavian was victorious. In 30 BC, the Roman attack on Egypt led to the two men committing suicide. Octavian gained control of Rome as well as the great granary of Egypt, completing Rome's system of control over the Mediterranean and putting an end to the "Century of Civil Wars."

[Sohei Shima]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

古代ローマ時代の決戦の一つ。アクティウムActiumはギリシア北西部のアンブラキア湾頭の岬。カエサル没(前44)後のローマの覇権争いのなかで、アントニウスはエジプト女王クレオパトラと結びオクタウィアヌス(後のアウグストゥス)と対立、紀元前32年に開戦した。アントニウス・クレオパトラの連合軍は東地中海とイタリアの中継地ギリシアのペロポネソス半島西岸に進出、一方オクタウィアヌスは陸海双方から兵を進め、アントニウス軍を包囲した。翌年の前31年9月2日、アントニウス軍の主力が置かれていたアクティウム岬沖で決戦が行われた。

 両軍の戦力は互角で、艦船の大きさではむしろアントニウス軍が勝っていた。両軍の衝突は一度だけであったが、途中でクレオパトラの艦隊が戦列を離れ、アントニウスがこれを追ってともにエジプトに退却したため、勝利はオクタウィアヌスに帰した。前30年ローマのエジプト攻撃により、2人は自殺。オクタウィアヌスはローマの支配権とともに大穀倉地エジプトを獲得、ローマの地中海支配体制を完成し、「内乱の1世紀」に終止符が打たれた。

[島 創平]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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