Actin

Japanese: アクチン - あくちん(英語表記)actin
Actin

A type of protein that is the main component of muscle. Muscle contraction and relaxation are responsible for movement, one of the major characteristics of animals, and actin, along with myosin, is one of the basic substances in the muscle contraction system. It was discovered in 1942, but myosin was already considered to be the driving force behind muscle contraction at that time, and Hungarian BF Straub (1914-1996) attempted to find the conditions under which myosin would contract with ATP (adenosine triphosphate). However, myosin contraction was not observed simply by adding ATP, and it was discovered that it would only contract when a new protein was added to it. This protein was actin, and it was named actin because it gives activity to myosin. Myosin is extracted from muscle with a potassium chloride solution, dried with acetone, and extracted with water to obtain G-actin (rabbit skeletal muscle actin has a molecular weight of about 42,000. It is almost spherical and has a diameter of about 55 angstroms). One molecule of G-actin is strongly bound to one molecule of ATP and one molecule of calcium. When neutral salt is added to G-actin, it polymerizes to form a double-helical filament, which is called F-actin. At this time, one phosphate is removed from ATP to form ADP (adenosine diphosphate). If the salt is removed, it returns to G-actin, but in the absence of ATP, G-actin denatures. F-actin is a double-helical filament formed by polymerizing G-actin like beads. In nature, it exists with a length of 1 micrometer, but in a glass vessel it shows various lengths. Since its discovery in plasmodium of slime mold (a type of organism that exists at the boundary between animals and plants) in 1966, it has been found in the cells of all living organisms, and its primary structure is very similar regardless of species. The interconversion between G-actin and F-actin is one of its major characteristics, but the polymerization and depolymerization of the molecule and the length and stability of the filament are regulated by various actin regulatory proteins. In non-muscle cells, the cytoskeleton maintains the cell structure and also performs many functions such as cell movement, division, morphological changes, etc. One of the fibrous structures that form this cytoskeleton is the microfilament, which is also called actin filament and is composed mainly of actin.

[Michiko Iijima]

Actin and Regulatory Proteins by Maruyama Kosaku (1986, University of Tokyo Press)Cell Proliferation and Cell Motility, edited by Ueshiro Yoshito and Yahara Ichiro (1989, Maruzen)Comparative Biochemistry of Marine Animal Muscle Proteins, edited by Arai Kenichi (1989, Koseisha Koseisha)Cell Motility, by Kamiya Ritsu and Maruyama Kosaku (1992, Baifukan)Molecular Cell Biology, Volume 2, by James Darnell et al., translated by Noda Haruhiko et al. (1993, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin)Introduction to Biological Sciences: From Molecules to Cells, by Okayama Shigeki (1994, Baifukan)Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3rd Edition, by B. Alberts et al., edited by Nakamura Keiko et al. (1995, Kyoikusha)Seminar on English Research Papers, edited by Mabuchi Issei and Yamamoto Masayuki Modern Cell Biology (1996, Kodansha)Edited by the Japanese Society of Fisheries Science, edited by Nishida Kiyoyoshi, Fish and Shellfish Muscle Proteins: Their Structure and Function (1999, Koseisha Kouseikaku)Edited by Takaya Koichi and Kamiya Ritsu, Cell Shape and Movement (2000, Kyoritsu Shuppan)Edited by the Japanese Society of Fisheries Science, edited by Seki Nobuo and Ito Yoshiaki, Kamaboko Foot Formation: The Role of Seafood Constituent Proteins and Enzymes (2001, Koseisha Kouseikaku)Edited by Takenawa Tadaomi, Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement: The Mechanism of Their Control (2002, Springer-Verlag Tokyo) ▽ R.K. Murray et al., translated and supervised by Ueda Yoshito and Shimizu Takao, Harper Biochemistry, 28th original edition (2011, Maruzen)

[References] | Adenosine triphosphate | Adenosine diphosphate | Potassium chloride| Polymerization | Protein | Myxomycetes | Microfilaments | Myosin
Muscle structure
©Shogakukan ">

Muscle structure


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

筋肉を構成する主要なタンパク質の一種。動物の大きな特徴の一つである運動の原因をなすのは、筋肉の収縮、弛緩(しかん)であるが、アクチンはミオシンと並んで、その筋収縮系の基本をなす物質の一つである。発見は1942年であるが、当時すでにミオシンは筋収縮の立役者と考えられており、ATP(アデノシン三リン酸)によってミオシンが収縮する条件をみつけようとする試みがハンガリーのストラウブB. F. Straub(1914―1996)によってなされた。しかし、ATPを加えただけではミオシンの収縮はみられず、これに新たなタンパク質を加えて初めて収縮するということが発見された。このタンパク質がアクチンであり、ミオシンに活性activityを与えるという意味でアクチンと命名された。筋肉から塩化カリウム溶液でミオシンを抽出したあとアセトンで乾かし、水で抽出すると得られるのがG-アクチン(分子量はウサギ骨格筋由来のアクチンで約4万2000。ほぼ球状をなし直径約55オングストローム)である。このG-アクチンは1分子につきATPとカルシウムを各1分子ずつ強く結合している。G-アクチンに中性塩を加えると重合して二重螺旋(らせん)フィラメントを形成するが、これがF-アクチンである。このときATPからリン酸が1個とれてADP(アデノシン二リン酸)となる。塩を除けばG-アクチンに戻るがATPがないとG-アクチンは変性する。F-アクチンは、G-アクチンが数珠(じゅず)のように重合したものが二重螺旋をなしている。天然には1マイクロメートルの長さで存在しているが、ガラス器内ではいろいろな長さを示す。筋肉以外でも、粘菌(変形菌類。動物と植物との境界に位置する生物)の変形体で発見(1966)されて以来すべての生物の細胞からみいだされており、その一次構造は種を問わずよく似ている。G-アクチン、F-アクチン間の相互転換は大きな特徴の一つであるが、種々のアクチン調節タンパク質により分子の重合・脱重合およびフィラメントの長さや安定性が調節される。非筋細胞では、細胞骨格が細胞構造を保持するとともに、細胞運動、分裂、形態変化など多くの機能を果たしている。この細胞骨格を形成する線維構造の一つがミクロフィラメント(マイクロフィラメント)であるが、これはアクチンフィラメントともよばれ、アクチンを主成分としている。

[飯島道子]

『丸山工作著『アクチンと調節タンパク質』(1986・東京大学出版会)』『上代淑人・矢原一郎編『細胞増殖・細胞運動』(1989・丸善)』『新井健一編『水産動物筋肉タンパク質の比較生化学』(1989・恒星社厚生閣)』『神谷律・丸山工作著『細胞の運動』(1992・培風館)』『James Darnell他著、野田春彦他訳『分子細胞生物学』下(1993・東京化学同人)』『岡山繁樹著『生物科学入門――分子から細胞へ』(1994・培風館)』『B・アルバーツ他著、中村桂子他監修『細胞の分子生物学』第3版(1995・教育社)』『馬渕一誠・山本正幸編『英語論文セミナー 現代の細胞生物学』(1996・講談社)』『日本水産学会監修、西田清義編『魚貝類筋肉タンパク質――その構造と機能』(1999・恒星社厚生閣)』『宝谷紘一・神谷律編『細胞のかたちと運動』(2000・共立出版)』『日本水産学会監修、関伸夫・伊藤慶明編『かまぼこの足形成――魚介肉構成タンパク質と酵素の役割』(2001・恒星社厚生閣)』『竹縄忠臣編『細胞骨格と細胞運動――その制御のメカニズム』(2002・シュプリンガー・フェアラーク東京)』『R・K・マレー他著、上代淑人・清水孝雄監訳『ハーパー生化学』原書28版(2011・丸善)』

[参照項目] | アデノシン三リン酸 | アデノシン二リン酸 | 塩化カリウム | 重合 | タンパク質 | 変形菌類 | マイクロフィラメント | ミオシン
筋肉の構造
©Shogakukan">

筋肉の構造


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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