French physicist and mathematician. Born in Turin, Italy. It is unknown where he studied mathematics or who introduced him to it, but at the age of 18 he became a mathematics teacher at the Turin Army Artillery School. He founded a mathematical colloquium and published a collection of discourses in the "Colloquialism", which later became the journal of the Turin Academy of Sciences as the "Turin Treatises". In 1766, Frederick II of Prussia invited him to the Berlin Academy of Sciences as Euler's successor, where he stayed for 20 years, writing many papers and completing his classic work "Analytical Mechanics" (1788), which is considered to be on a par with Laplace's "Celestial Mechanics". The foundations of analytical geometry and calculus were established in the 17th century, and the first steps towards modern natural science were taken when natural phenomena were treated quantitatively and symbolically. However, "Analytical Mechanics" started from the "principle of virtual work" and applied the "calculus of variations" to discuss the mechanics of rigid bodies and fluids. It also introduced "generalized coordinates" and established a unified equation of motion, starting from which it became a groundbreaking work in mechanics. In 1787, after the death of Frederick II, he was invited to the Paris Academie des Sciences. Even after the outbreak of the French Revolution in Paris, he became a member of the revolutionary government's Committee for a New System of Weights and Measures, and in 1795 he became a professor at the École Normale Supérieure, and in 1797 he became a professor at the École Polytechnique. His lecture at the École Polytechnique, "Theory of Analytical Functions," appears in the school's Bulletin (1797 issue). He established a science of analysis that eliminated the concept of "infinitesimals," or "limits," but its logical foundations were unclear. [Ken Kobori] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスの物理学者、数学者。イタリアのトリノの生まれ。どこで数学を学び、だれが紹介したのか不詳であるが、18歳のときトリノ陸軍砲兵学校の数学教員となっている。そして数学談話会をつくり、談話をまとめて公刊した『談話会誌』はのちに『トリノ論文集』として、トリノ科学アカデミーの紀要となった。1766年、プロイセンのフリードリヒ2世により、オイラーの後任としてベルリン科学アカデミーに招かれ、20年間在職し、多くの論文を書き、ラプラスの『天体力学』と並び称される古典的名著『解析力学』(1788)も、この期間に完成した。17世紀に解析幾何学・微積分法の基礎が築かれて、自然現象を数量的・記号的に扱い近代自然科学への第一歩が踏み出されたのであるが、『解析力学』は「仮想仕事の原理」を出発点とし、「変分法」を応用して、剛体と流体の力学を論じ、また、運動についても、「一般化座標」を導入し、統一的な運動方程式を樹立し、これを出発点としているなど、力学における一つの画期をなす著作となった。 1787年、フリードリヒ2世の死後、パリ科学アカデミーに招かれた。パリではフランス革命勃発(ぼっぱつ)後も革命政府の新度量衡制度委員会の委員になり、1795年に高等師範学校(エコール・ノルマル・シュペリュール)の教授に、1797年に理工科大学校(エコール・ポリテクニク)の教授になった。理工科大学校での講義「解析関数論」は、この学校の「紀要」(1797年号)に出ている。「無限小」すなわち「極限」の概念を排除した解析学を樹立したものであるが、論理的基礎は、あいまいであった。 [小堀 憲] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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