Nipa palm - Nipa palm (English spelling)

Japanese: ニッパヤシ - にっぱやし(英語表記)nipa palm
Nipa palm - Nipa palm (English spelling)

A palm of the genus Nipa in the family Palmaceae (APG classification: Palmaceae), with one genus and one species. Native to Southeast Asia and Australia, it grows in coastal and estuarine wetlands. It is a stemless, thornless palm, with a rhizome that branches underground and grows with numerous leaves emerging from the ground. The leaves grow diagonally upwards, are 3-10 meters long, shiny green, and pinnately lobed, with lanceolate leaflets that are 60-90 cm long, 3-6 cm wide, and 50-80 of them arranged in a V-shape. The petiole is short, with a semicircular convex surface on the lower back and a concave surface on the upper side, and the leaf sheaths deeply envelop the trunk. The spadix is ​​1-2 meters long, protrudes from the ground, and branches into males and females. The pedicel is 3-4 cm in diameter and has numerous bracts. The male flowers are bright yellowish white, 8 mm long, and many of them grow densely from the rachis, forming a 9 cm long, 2.2 cm wide spike of cattails, with 2-3 of them growing at the top of the peduncle. There are three slender stamens, 5 mm long, and three slender boat-shaped petals, 5 mm long. The female flowers are large, forming a clustered head 10 cm in diameter. The fruit resembles an oversized chestnut, is flattened and obovate, 10 cm long and 7.5 cm wide. The surface is smooth and blackish brown with vertical striped veins. There are horns on both sides of the fruit, and a hard hook-like curved protrusion at the top. It forms a clustered fruit that falls off at maturity and germinates. The seeds are obovate, with the embryo at the bottom. A temperature of 30°C or higher is required for the fruit to set.

The fruit is edible, and the milky juice obtained from cutting the flower stalk is used as a beverage, as well as a raw material for sugar and alcohol. The leaves are used for thatching roofs and walls, and for knitting baskets, hats, and other items. They grow naturally on Iriomote Island and the Uchibana Islands of Okinawa Prefecture, and the one on Iriomote Island is designated as a national natural monument as the Funaura Nipa Palm Colony.

[Toshihiko Satake May 21, 2019]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ヤシ科(APG分類:ヤシ科)ニーパ属、1属1種のヤシ。東南アジア、オーストラリア原産で、海岸、河口の湿地帯に生育する。無茎、無刺のヤシで、根茎は地中で分岐して伸び、地際から葉が多数発生する。葉は斜め上に伸び、長さ3~10メートル、緑色で光沢がある。羽状に全裂し、小葉は披針(ひしん)形、長さ60~90センチメートル、幅3~6センチメートル、50~80枚がV字状に対生する。葉柄は短く、背下面は半円の凸面となり、上面が凹面をなし、葉鞘(ようしょう)が幹を深く包んでいる。肉穂花序は長さ1~2メートルで、地際から突出し、雌雄個別に分岐する。花柄は径3~4センチメートルで、多数の包葉がある。雄花は鮮黄白色で長さ8ミリメートル、多数が花軸に放射状に密生し、長さ9センチメートル、幅2.2センチメートルの蒲(がま)の穂状を呈し、2~3本が花柄に頂生する。雄しべは3本で細長く、長さ5ミリメートル、花弁は3枚、細長い舟形で、長さ5ミリメートル。雌花は大きく、径10センチメートルの集合頭状花序をつくる。果実は特大のクリを思わせ、扁平(へんぺい)な倒卵形で、長さ10センチメートル、幅7.5センチメートル。表面は滑らかで黒褐色を呈し、縦縞(たてじま)の脈条がある。果実の両側には稜角(りょうかく)があり、頂部には堅い鉤(かぎ)状の曲折した突起がある。集合果をなし、成熟すると散落し、発芽する。種子は倒卵形、胚(はい)は下部にある。果実の結実には30℃以上を要する。

 果実は食用とし、花柄の切り口から得られる乳汁は飲料とするほか、砂糖やアルコールの原料となる。葉は屋根に葺(ふ)くほか壁材とし、また籠(かご)、帽子など編物に用いる。沖縄県の西表島(いりおもてじま)と内離島(うちばなりじま)に自生し、西表島のものは船浦のニッパヤシ群落として国の天然記念物に指定されている。

[佐竹利彦 2019年5月21日]

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