Performance assistant - Erfüllungsgehilfe (English spelling)

Japanese: 履行補助者 - りこうほじょしゃ(英語表記)Erfüllungsgehilfe
Performance assistant - Erfüllungsgehilfe (English spelling)
A person employed by a debtor to perform an obligation. For example, an employee who performs work contracted by a contractor or a store clerk who delivers ordered goods to customers. In general, a debtor is permitted to employ an assistant for performance without the creditor's consent (except in cases where the debtor is required to perform the obligation himself, such as the performance of a singer's performance contract). However, a default caused by the assistant's negligence is considered to be a default attributable to the debtor, and the debtor must be liable even if the debtor was not negligent in selecting and supervising the assistant. The Commercial Code provides for this in relation to freight forwarders (Article 560), goods carriers (Article 577), passenger carriers (Article 590), warehouse operators (Article 617), and maritime carriers (Articles 766 and 786), but it is considered to be interpreted in the same way in other cases not provided for, including the performance of obligations under the Civil Code. As for persons who are not used as the debtor's tools but who perform duties independently on behalf of the debtor (such as trustees or executors), they will only be liable if there is negligence in their appointment and supervision.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
債務者が債務の履行のため使用する者。請負主が請負った仕事をする従業員や注文の品を客に届ける店員など。一般に,債務者は債権者の承諾がなくても履行補助者を用いることが許される (歌手の出演契約の履行などのように,債務の性質上債務者本人が履行することを要求される場合は別) 。ただし,履行補助者の過失によって生じた債務不履行は,債務者の責めに帰すべき不履行とされ,債務者は履行補助者の選任監督に過失がなかったとしても,責任を負わねばならない。商法では運送取扱人 (560条) ,物品運送人 (577条) ,旅客運送人 (590条) ,倉庫業者 (617条) ,海上運送人 (766,786条) などにつき,このことを規定しているが,民法上の債務の履行の場合を含め,規定のない他の場合にも同様に解すべきものとされている。債務者の手足として使用されるのではなく,債務者に代って独立に履行する者 (受寄者・遺言執行者など) については選任監督に過失があるときに限って責任を負う。

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