Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

OSCE is an international organization for international security in Europe, which includes all European countries, the two North American countries of the United States and Canada, and the former Soviet Union, including Central Asian countries. Its English name is Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Its abbreviation is OSCE. As of 2015, it has 57 member states, with 11 Asian and Mediterranean countries, including Japan, as partner countries. It is positioned as the central international organization in Europe, mainly engaged in preventive diplomacy, crisis management, and peacebuilding. Its secretariat is located in Vienna, Austria. Based on the Helsinki Final Act (Helsinki Declaration) of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) in August 1975, the CSCE contributed to the development of the CSCE process as a forum for political dialogue between the East and West during the Cold War, and as a framework for multilateral cooperation. The CSCE process promoted economic exchange and the movement and contact of people between the East and the West, and also contributed to the collapse of the Eastern bloc, which was based on centralized control of information and restrictions on international movement of people, by instilling a norm of respect for human rights in the Eastern bloc. In November 1990, at the CSCE Paris Summit, efforts were made to internationalize the CSCE, and in 1995 the name of the organization was changed from CSCE to OSCE.

OSCE has established its own concept of international security, common and comprehensive security, and is trying to guarantee stability and security in Europe by working cooperatively and comprehensively on three dimensions (dimensions): political and military dimensions of security, economic dimensions of security, and human dimensions of security, which are based on respect for human rights, the rule of law, and democracy, instead of traditional military security. OSCE's main decision-making body is the Permanent Council. Others include the Summit and the Ministerial (Foreign Ministers) Council. OSCE's specialized agencies include the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR, Warsaw), whose activities are election monitoring and democratization support, the High Commissioner for National Minorities (HCNM, The Hague), and the Representative for Media Freedom (Vienna). Through these specialized agencies, OSCE develops preventive diplomacy (conflict prevention) and strives to disseminate OSCE norms on the human dimensions of security. In addition, long-term resident missions (envoys) are dispatched for peacebuilding and crisis management, and cooperate with and monitor local security activities. In addition, there is the OSCE-affiliated organization, the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly (Copenhagen), which aims to promote OSCE norms. This is composed of parliamentary representatives from OSCE member states and is an organization independent of the OSCE.

[Gen Yoshikawa]

Yoshikawa Hajime, "Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE): A Study on the Development Process from the Internationalization of Human Rights to Support for Democratization" (1994, Sanrei Shobo) Miyawaki Noboru, "A Study of the CSCE Human Rights Regime: The Helsinki Declaration Ended the Cold War" (2003, Kokusai Shoin) Michael Bothe, Natalino Ronzitti, Allan Rosas, eds. The OSCE in the Maintenance of Peace and Security: Conflict Prevention, Crisis Management and Peaceful Settlement of Disputes (1997, The Hague; Boston: Kluwer Law International) Victor-Yves Ghebali and Alexander Lambert, eds. The OSCE Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security (2005, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

すべてのヨーロッパ諸国、アメリカおよびカナダの北アメリカ2か国、ならびに中央アジア諸国を含む旧ソ連の構成国が加盟するヨーロッパの国際安全保障に関する国際機構。英語表記Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe。略称OSCE。2015年時点の加盟国数は57で、日本を含めアジアおよび地中海諸国11か国がパートナー国である。主として予防外交、危機管理、および平和構築を行うヨーロッパの中心的な国際機構に位置づけられている。事務局をオーストリアのウィーンに置いている。1975年8月、ヨーロッパ安全保障協力会議（CSCE）のヘルシンキ最終議定書（ヘルシンキ宣言）に基づき、CSCEは冷戦期には東西両陣営間の政治的対話フォーラムとして、また多国間協力の枠組みとしてCSCEプロセスの進展に貢献した。CSCEプロセスは、東西間に経済交流および人の移動・人的接触を促進させ、また東側陣営に人権尊重規範を浸透させることによって、情報の一元的統制と人の国際移動の規制で成り立っていた東側陣営を崩壊させる一因となった。1990年11月、CSCEパリ首脳会議においてCSCEの国際機構化に取り組み、1995年から機構名をCSCEからOSCEへと変更した。

　OSCEは、共通・包括的安全保障という独自の国際安全保障概念を確立し、伝統的な軍事安全保障にかわって、安全保障の政治・軍事的側面、安全保障の経済的側面、それに人権尊重、法の支配および民主主義を柱とする安全保障の人間的側面の三つの側面（次元、dimension）について、協調的かつ包括的に取り組むことで、ヨーロッパの安定と安全を保障しようとしている。OSCEの主要な決定機関は常設理事会である。その他、首脳会議、閣僚（外相）理事会がある。OSCEの専門機関には、選挙監視および民主化の支援を活動目的とする民主制度・人権事務所（ODIHR、ワルシャワ）、民族マイノリティ高等弁務官（HCNM、ハーグ）、およびメディア自由代表（ウィーン）がある。これらの専門機関を通して、予防外交（紛争予防）を展開し、また安全保障の人間的側面に関するOSCE規範の普及に努める。また平和構築や危機管理に向けて長期駐在ミッション（使節団）が派遣され、現地の安全保障活動への協力および監視にあたっている。その他、OSCEの関連機関としてOSCE規範の普及を目ざすOSCE議員議会（コペンハーゲン）があるが、これはOSCE加盟国の議員代表から構成されるもので、OSCEからは独立した機関である。

［吉川　元］

『吉川元著『ヨーロッパ安全保障協力会議 CSCE――人権の国際化から民主化支援の発展過程の考察』（1994・三嶺書房）』▽『宮脇昇著『CSCE人権レジームの研究――「ヘルシンキ宣言」は冷戦を終わらせた』（2003・国際書院）』▽『Michael Bothe, Natalino Ronzitti, Allan Rosas, eds.The OSCE in the Maintenance of Peace and Security : Conflict Prevention, Crisis Management and Peaceful Settlement of Disputes（1997, The Hague ; Boston : Kluwer Law International）』▽『Victor-Yves Ghebali and Alexander Lambert, eds.The OSCE Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security（2005, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers）』

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