One of the main institutions of the EU (European Union). It adopts legislation and controls the European Commission. It is commonly called the European Parliament. It is composed of 751 members (including one speaker) elected by direct election. The term of office is five years, and there is no mid-term dissolution. Elections are based on the electoral laws of each EU country, but they must be general elections with proportional representation. Seats are allocated to each country according to population, but in order to effectively carry out proportional elections, even the least populous country is allocated six seats (and conversely, even the most populous country cannot exceed 96 seats). There are still no pan-European political parties, but after elections, members with similar positions form parties and factions within the parliament across nationalities. Direct elections have been held since 1979, but previously the representatives of the national parliaments of each EU country held the position concurrently. Regular plenary sessions are held in Strasbourg. Committees and special plenary sessions of the Parliament are held in Brussels. The Parliamentary Secretariat is located in Luxembourg and Brussels. The location of the Parliamentary Secretariat is merely historical, but centralization has not been achieved because it requires a common agreement of the EU countries (even the opposition of one country would not suffice). In principle, decisions in the European Parliament are made by a quorum of members present. Important decisions are made by a majority vote of the total number of members (absolute majority vote). The main tasks of the European Parliament are the adoption of legislation and political supervision of EU institutions. With regard to the adoption of legislation, the Lisbon Treaty gave the European Parliament the ability to amend and approve most EU legislation on an equal footing with the Council. Previously, the Parliament was only able to provide non-binding advisory opinions on proposed legislation, or to amend bills to a certain extent. However, MEPs cannot submit bills (the right to do so is almost exclusively held by the European Commission). The European Parliament also has the task of political oversight. It can exercise its investigative powers to investigate the appropriateness of actions taken by the Council of Ministers and the European Commission, which exercise the EU's executive power, and pursue political accountability. The European Parliament can also pass a vote of no confidence and force the European Commission to resign en masse. In fact, there has only been one case in which this has come close to happening (in 1999, the European Commission voluntarily resigned en masse following a corruption scandal under the leadership of President Jacques Santer (1937- )). [Tamio Nakamura June 19, 2018] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
EU(ヨーロッパ連合)の主要機関の一つ。立法を採択し、欧州委員会(ヨーロッパ委員会)を統制する。一般に欧州議会とよばれる。直接選挙により選ばれた751名の議員(議長1名を含む)で構成される。任期は5年、中途解散はない。選挙はEU各国の選挙法によるが、比例代表制の普通選挙でなければならない。議席は人口に応じて各国に配分されるが、比例選挙を実効的に行うため、人口最少国でも6議席は配分される(逆に人口最多国でも96議席を超えない)。ヨーロッパ横断的な政党は未だ存在しないが、選挙後、立場の近い議員が国籍を超えて議会内で政党や会派を組んでいる。なお直接選挙は1979年から実施されたが、以前はEU各国の国政議会の議員代表が兼職していた。 定例本会議はストラスブールで開かれる。議会の委員会と臨時本会議はブリュッセルで行われる。議会事務局は、ルクセンブルクとブリュッセルにある。所在地が分散するのは歴史的な経緯からにすぎないが、集中させるには、EU諸国の共通の合意(1か国の反対でも不成立)が必要なため、実現していない。 欧州議会の意思決定は、定足数を満たした議会の出席者の過半数で行うのが原則である。とくに重要な決定は、総議員の過半数(絶対多数決)で行う。 欧州議会の主たる任務は、立法の採択とEU機関の政治的監督である。立法の採択については、リスボン条約において、EU立法の大部分について、欧州議会は閣僚理事会と対等に修正と採否を決定できる立場に達した。以前は、立法案に対する拘束力のない諮問的意見を述べるだけであったり、法案への修正を一定程度は加えうるだけの立場であった。なお、議員が法案を提出することはできない(法案提出権は欧州委員会がほぼ独占している)。 欧州議会は、政治的監督も任務とする。そこで調査権を発動して、EUの行政権を行使する閣僚理事会や欧州委員会の行動の適否を調べ、政治責任を追及できる。また欧州議会は、不信任決議をして欧州委員会を総辞職させうる。実際には、その寸前で終わった一例があるのみである(1999年のサンテールJacques Santer(1937― )委員長率いる欧州委員会の汚職事件で欧州委員会が自発的に総辞職した)。 [中村民雄 2018年6月19日] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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