Jordan

Japanese: ヨルダン

◎Official name: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (al-Mamlaka al-Urdunniya al-Hashimiya). ◎Area: 89,342 ^km2 (east bank of the Jordan River only). ◎Population: 6.39 million (2012). ◎Capital: Amman (1.29 million, 2012). ◎Residents: Arab (half are Palestinian of Jordanian nationality). ◎Religion: Islam (state religion, Sunni) 90%, Christian 6%. ◎Language: Arabic (official language). ◎Currency: Jordanian Dinar. ◎Head of State: King Abdullah bin Hussein II (born 1962, ascended the throne in February 1999). ◎Prime Minister: Abdullah al-Nusour (inaugurated in October 2012). ◎Constitution: enacted in January 1952. ◎ Parliament - Bicameral system. Upper House (60 members, appointed by the King, 4-year term), Lower House (120 members, 4-year term) (2013). ◎ GDP - $20 billion (2008). ◎ GNI per capita - $2,660 (2006). ◎ Proportion of people employed in agriculture, forestry and fishing - 12% (1997). ◎ Life expectancy - 72.3 years for men, 75.6 years for women (2013). ◎ Infant mortality rate - 18‰ (2010). ◎ Literacy rate - 91.1% (2007). ＊＊ Kingdom in West Asia. It occupies a plateau-like plateau in the northwest of the Arabian Peninsula, and the Jordan Rift Valley (Jordan River to the Dead Sea), which is about 20 km wide, runs north and south on the west side and reaches the Gulf of Aqaba. The Rift Valley is a lowland 200 to 300 m below sea level, and experiences extreme heat in the summer. Most of the plateau and mountains east of the Rift Valley are semi-desert or desert. Agriculture and mining are the main industries, and agricultural products include wheat, fruits, vegetables, olives, and tobacco. Mining is important for phosphorus and potassium salts from the Dead Sea. Industry is centered on oil refining, fertilizer, and pharmaceutical manufacturing. In the first half of the 16th century, it came under the control of the Ottoman Empire, and after World War I, it was incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine. In 1923, under the Mandate, the Emirate of Transjordan was established with the Hashemite family as its head family, and in 1946 it became independent as a kingdom (it was renamed the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1949). In 1948, the First Arab-Israeli War annexed the area west of the Jordan River, strengthening its economic power, but it also became home to many Palestinian refugees. In 1967, the West Bank of the Jordan River was occupied by Israel. Jordan renounced sovereignty over the West Bank in 1988, stating that it would be left under Palestinian sovereignty after its liberation from Israel, but more than 60% of Jordan's population is of Palestinian descent. In 1994, a peace treaty was signed with Israel. King Hussein, who ascended to the throne in 1953, died in 1999, and Prince Abdullah became the new king in February. In 2011, protests calling for political, economic, and social reforms broke out across the country in response to Tunisia's actions. The Jordanian government worked on various reforms under the guidance of the King. In August 2014, Jordan joined the United States-led coalition against the Islamic extremist group IS, which had expanded its territory in Iraq and Syria, and began bombing IS. Jordan has accepted Iraqi Sunni tribal leaders and political leaders amid the chaos following the Iraq War, and some tribes are considered breeding grounds for Islamic extremism. In the southern governorate of Ma'an, where tribal power is strong, demonstrations critical of the regime have repeatedly taken place, turning into riots and resulting in clashes with security forces. Support for IS is spreading in the governorate, and demonstrations carrying the black flag, symbolizing IS, have been reported. When Japanese hostages were killed by IS in January 2015, the Jordanian government was put in the difficult position of simultaneously negotiating the release of the Japanese hostages, at the request of the Japanese government, and negotiating the release of a Jordanian air force pilot held by IS (it was later discovered that he had already been killed). →Palestinian issue

Jordan

German physicist. Studied under M. Born at the University of Göttingen, and served as professor at the universities of Rostock, Berlin, and Hamburg. He developed matrix mechanics with Heisenberg and Born (1925-1926), and continued to contribute to the development of quantum mechanics. He also conducted research related to the theory of general relativity, the theory of cosmic evolution, and biophysics.

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

◎正式名称−ヨルダン・ハーシム王国al-Mamlaka al-Urdunniya al-Hashimiya／Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan。◎面積−８万9342km²（ヨルダン川東岸のみ）。◎人口−639万人（2012）。◎首都−アンマンAmman（129万人，2012）。◎住民−アラブ（半数がヨルダン国籍のパレスティナ人）。◎宗教−イスラム（国教，スンナ派）90％，キリスト教６％。◎言語−アラビア語（公用語）。◎通貨−ヨルダン・ディナールJordanian Dinar。◎元首−国王，アブドゥラ２世Abdullah bin Hussein II（1962年生れ，1999年２月即位）。◎首相−アブドゥラ・アル・ヌスールAbdullah Ensour（2012年10月発足）。◎憲法−1952年１月制定。◎国会−二院制。上院（定員60，国王による任命，任期４年），下院（定員120，任期４年）（2013）。◎GDP−200億ドル（2008）。◎１人当りGNI−2660ドル（2006）。◎農林・漁業就業者比率−12％（1997）。◎平均寿命−男72.3歳，女75.6歳（2013）。◎乳児死亡率−18‰（2010）。◎識字率−91.1％（2007）。　　　　＊　　　　＊西アジアの王国。アラビア半島北西部に広がる高原状台地を占め，西側を幅約20kmに及ぶヨルダン地溝帯（ヨルダン川〜死海）が南北に走りアカバ湾に至る。地溝帯は海面下200〜300mの低地で，夏には猛暑となる。地溝帯の東側の台地，山地の大部分は半砂漠ないし砂漠である。農業と鉱業が中心で，農産物には小麦，果実，野菜，オリーブ，タバコがある。鉱業は死海でのリンやカリ塩の産が重要である。工業は石油精製や肥料，薬品製造などが中心である。16世紀前半にオスマン帝国の支配下に入り，第１次世界大戦後，英国のパレスティナ委任統治領に編入された。委任統治下の1923年，ハーシム家を首長家とするトランス・ヨルダン首長国が成立し，1946年王国として独立した（1949年ヨルダン・ハーシム王国と改称）。1948年の第１次中東戦争によりヨルダン川以西の地域を併合し経済力は強化されたが，多数のパレスティナ難民を抱えこむことにもなった。1967年の第３次中東戦争によりヨルダン川西岸はイスラエルに占領された。ヨルダン川西岸については，イスラエルから解放後はパレスティナ人の主権下に委ねるとして，この地域へのヨルダンの主権を1988年に放棄したが，ヨルダン国民の６割以上がパレスティナ系である。1994年イスラエルとの間に平和条約を調印。1953年に即位したフセイン国王が1999年死去し，２月アブドゥラ王子が新国王に即位した。2011年，チュニジアの動きを受け，国内各地で政治・経済・社会改革を求める抗議デモが発生した。ヨルダン政府は国王の指導のもと諸改革に取り組んだ。2014年８月，イラク，シリアで支配地域を拡大したイスラム過激派組織ISに対してアメリカを中心として結成された有志連合に参加，ISへの空爆を開始した。ヨルダンはイラク戦争後の混乱の中でイラクのスンニ派部族の部族長や政治指導者を受け入れてきたこともあり，一部の部族はイスラム過激派の温床ともされている。部族の力が強い南部のマーン県ではこれまで繰り返し体制批判のデモが起き，暴徒化し，治安部隊と衝突する事態が起こっている。マーン県でISへの支持が広がり，ISを象徴する黒旗を掲げるデモが報道されている。2015年１月のISによる日本人人質殺害事件の際には，ヨルダン政府は，日本政府に依頼された日本人人質の解放交渉とISに拘束されたヨルダン人空軍パイロットの解放交渉（すでに殺害されていたことが後に判明）を同時に行うという困難な位置に立たされた。→パレスティナ問題