Cardinal vowels

Japanese: 基本母音 - きほんぼいん（英語表記）cardinal vowels

A phonetic vowel is a set of phonemes and the phonetic symbols that represent them, established by D. Jones as a standard for comparison when describing the phonetics of any language. Eight vowels have been established as primary basic vowels: [i], [e], [ε], [a], [ɑ], [ɔ], [o], and [u]. [i] is made by raising the tongue as far forward and as high as possible, and [ɑ] is made by lowering the tongue as far back and as low as possible, both of which are at the very limit of what can be called a vowel. These are all as far away as possible from mid vowels such as [ə], and the auditory impression between them is equally spaced. The height of the tongue is important for distinguishing front vowels, while the height of the tongue and the rounding of the lips are important for distinguishing back vowels. The secondary cardinal vowels are [i], [e], [ε], [a], [ɑ] with rounded lips [y], [ø], [œ], [Œ], [ɒ]; [ɔ], [o], [u] with open lips [ʌ], [ɣ], [ɯ]; and the central vowels [a_ri] with tense lips and [ʉ] with rounded lips. All vowels in real languages fall within this framework and are written based on these cardinal vowels. These are sometimes numbered 1, 2, ... 18, or abbreviated as C[i], C[ɑ]. Records of Jones' own recordings are available for sale.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

任意の言語の音声学的記述をする際，それと比較する基準として D.ジョーンズが定めた単音およびそれを表わす音声記号をいう。第1次基本母音として［i］，［e］，［ε］，［a］，［ɑ］，［ɔ］，［o］，［u］の8母音が定められている。［i］は舌をできるだけ前にかつ高く上げ，［ɑ］は舌をできるだけ奥にかつ低く下げた，ともに母音としてぎりぎりのものである。これらは互いに［ə］のような中舌母音からできるだけ遠ざかっており，それぞれの間の聴覚印象が等間隔になっている。前舌母音では舌の高さが，後舌母音では舌の高さと唇の丸めが他との区別に重要な点となっている。第2次基本母音としては，［i］，［e］，［ε］，［a］，［ɑ］に唇の丸めをつけた［y］，［ø］，［œ］，［Œ］，［ɒ］;［ɔ］，［o］，［u］の唇を上下左右に開いた［ʌ］，［ɣ］，［ɯ］;および中舌母音として，唇を張った［a_ri］と丸めた［ʉ］が定められている。現実の言語の母音は，すべてこの枠のなかに入り，この基本母音を基準に記述されることになる。これらは1番，2番，…18番と番号で呼んだり，C［i］，C［ɑ］のように略記することがある。ジョーンズ自身の吹込んだレコードが販売されている。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典について　情報

<<: Basic Law on Agriculture - Kihon Hounousei

>>: Basic sentence patterns