Westernization Movement

Japanese: 洋務運動 - ようむうんどう
Westernization Movement

A movement carried out in China from around 1860 to the 1890s at the end of the Qing dynasty, aimed to introduce modern European technology and strengthen China. It was promoted by a group of Han Chinese officials such as Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, and Zuo Zongtang, who had been powerful in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion, and Prince Gong Yiqin and others, collectively known as the Westernization faction. The slogans were "self-strength" and "seeking wealth." It started in the military and industrial sector at first, and in the 1970s it spread to the private sector, adopting a government-private joint venture system. After 1885, the Westernization faction took control of the navy and founded the Beiyang Navy. As a result of the Westernization Movement, it was indeed possible to temporarily restore the Qing dynasty's rule, which had been shaken by the Taiping Rebellion and other events. However, this did not provide a fundamental solution, and after defeats in the Sino-French War (1884-85) and the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95), the Westernization Movement's bankruptcy became definitive.

Regarding the evaluation of the Westernization Movement, there are divided theories: one that it hindered the development of China's national industry, and another that, regardless of the subjective intentions of those who promoted it, objectively it laid the foundation for the development of capitalism in China, and this debate remains ongoing.

[Kurahashi Masanao]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中国、清(しん)末の1860年ごろから90年代まで行われた、ヨーロッパの近代技術を取り入れ、中国の自強を図ろうとした運動。太平天国の乱を鎮圧するのに力のあった曽国藩(そうこくはん)、李鴻章(りこうしょう)、左宗棠(さそうとう)らの漢人大官僚、および恭親王奕訢(きょうしんおうえききん)らの洋務派と総称されるグループが中心になって推し進めた。「自強」と「求富」がスローガンであった。最初、軍事工業部門から始まり、70年代には官督商弁(官民合営)方式がとられて民間企業部門にも広がった。85年以降、洋務派は海軍部門を握り、北洋海軍も創設した。洋務運動の結果、確かに、太平天国の乱などで動揺した清朝の支配を一時的には立ち直らせることができた。しかし根本的な解決にはならず、清仏戦争(1884~85)、日清戦争(1894~95)の敗戦を経て洋務運動の破産は決定的なものになった。

 洋務運動の評価に関しては、それが中国の民族産業の発展を阻害したという説と、推進側の主観的な意図とは別に、客観的には中国における資本主義発展の基礎をつくりだしたという説に分かれ、いまなお論争中である。

[倉橋正直]

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