Generally, it refers to a policy of finding a compromise with the other party whose demands contradict one's own and avoiding friction, but it often refers to the policy that occurred in the 1930s, when the "have countries" of Britain, France, and the United States tolerated the aggressive external expansion of the so-called "have-nots" Germany, Italy, and Japan, which ultimately led to the outbreak of World War II. When the Manchurian Incident began in 1931, Britain and other countries continued to take a compromising stance toward Japan, suppressing the countries in the League of Nations that sought sanctions against Japan, and when Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935, the leaders of Britain and France drew up the "Hoare-Laval Plan," which tolerated the invasion. The policy of appeasement reached its peak at the Munich Conference in September 1938, when Britain and France recognized Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia. In addition to "political appeasement," which tolerated territorial expansion through aggression, there was also "economic appeasement," which sought to alleviate the economic dissatisfaction of the "have-nots," and "colonial appeasement," which used colonies as a bargaining chip. Those who actively promoted appeasement, such as N. Chamberlain of Britain, hoped that these measures would strengthen moderates in the host countries and weaken their momentum for external aggression, but in reality this policy only further stimulated the aggressive impulses of Japan, Germany, and Italy. [Yoichi Kibata] "Research on the Prehistory of World War II" by Saito Takashi (1965, University of Tokyo Press) [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般的には、自己の要求と矛盾する要求を抱く相手方との間で妥協点をみいだし、摩擦を回避していく政策をさすが、とくに1930年代に、いわゆる「持たざる国」のドイツ、イタリア、日本の侵略的対外膨張を、「持てる国」のイギリス、フランス、アメリカ合衆国が許容し、結果的に第二次世界大戦の勃発(ぼっぱつ)を招いた政策をさすことが多い。1931年に開始された満州事変に際して、イギリスなどは、国際連盟で対日制裁を求める国々を抑えて日本への妥協的姿勢を取り続けたし、35年のイタリアによるエチオピア侵略にあたっても、侵略を容認する「ホーア‐ラバル案」が英仏の首脳の間で作成された。宥和政策が頂点に達したのは、ドイツによるチェコスロバキアのズデーテン地方併合を英仏が認めた38年9月のミュンヘン会談である。宥和政策には、このように侵略による領土拡大を容認する「政治的宥和」のほか、「持たざる国」の経済的不満を解消しようとする「経済的宥和」、植民地を取引材料に用いる「植民地宥和」が存在した。イギリスのN・チェンバレンなど宥和政策を積極的に推進した人々は、これらの方策によって、相手国内の穏健派が力を増し、対外侵略の勢いが弱まることを期待したが、実際にはこの政策によって日独伊の侵略衝動はいっそう刺激されることになった。 [木畑洋一] 『斉藤孝著『第二次世界大戦前史研究』(1965・東京大学出版会)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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