Dielectric heating - Yudenkanetu

Japanese: 誘電加熱 - ゆうでんかねつ
Dielectric heating - Yudenkanetu

A dielectric material is placed in an alternating electric field and heated. When an electric field is applied to a dielectric material, it becomes polarized. When an electric field is applied to polar molecules such as water, orientation polarization occurs, where the poles align in the direction of the electric field. In the case of an alternating electric field, the direction of the electric field constantly changes, causing the molecules to rotate, but thermal energy is generated in order to overcome the viscous resistance of the surrounding molecules. For this reason, the electrical energy of the alternating electric field is converted into thermal energy, and the temperature of the dielectric material rises and it becomes heated; this phenomenon is called dielectric heating. A familiar example of dielectric heating is the microwave oven, where the alternating electric field is generated by a 2450 megahertz microwave generated by a 400-600 watt magnetron for home use and a 1-2 kilowatt magnetron for commercial use.

For industrial purposes, 3 to 20 MHz is used for drying and gluing wood, 10 to 60 MHz for vinyl processing, and 10 to 40 MHz for processing textile products such as ropes. When gluing wood, adhesive-coated wood is tightly clamped between electrodes and an alternating electric field is applied, which selectively heats the adhesive quickly and produces a strong bond in a short time, so it is used in the manufacture of plywood, sports equipment such as skis, and musical instruments. It also has a wide range of uses, including vulcanization of plastics, high-frequency welding of polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene films, and continuous heat setting of synthetic fiber ropes for mountain climbing and ships. Previous methods using shortwave bands began in the 1950s, but around 1970, microwave-based methods began to appear. These include belt conveyor-type devices that use 5 to 100 kilowatt microwaves to prevent mold in sweets, make rice crackers rise, and thaw frozen meat. Applications are also being attempted for continuous vulcanization of rubber, killing insects in agricultural products, and drying paint.

With dielectric heating, if the dielectric material is uniform, it is easy to heat evenly, and the temperature rises quickly even inside. It is also possible to rapidly heat only the dielectric material that easily absorbs electrical energy inside, so heating control is relatively easy and heating efficiency is high. Disadvantages include high equipment costs and difficulty in uniform heating depending on the material and shape.

[Michinori Iwata]

[Reference] | Dielectrics
Principles of Dielectric Heating
©Takashi Aoki

Principles of Dielectric Heating


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

交番電界中に誘電体を置き、加熱させること。誘電体に電界を加えると分極する。水のような有極性の分子では、電界を加えると電界の向きに極をそろえて整列する配向分極が生ずる。交番電界の場合は、電界の向きが絶えず変わるため分子が回転するが、周囲の分子との粘性抵抗に打ち勝つ必要から熱エネルギーを発生する。このため、交番電界のもつ電気エネルギーが熱エネルギーに変換され、誘電体物質の温度が上がり加熱される現象を誘電加熱とよぶ。誘電加熱を利用した身近なものは電子レンジで、交番電界は2450メガヘルツのマイクロ波を家庭用では400~600ワット、業務用では1~2キロワットのマグネトロンで発生している。

 工業用として、木材の乾燥や接着には3~20メガヘルツ、ビニル加工には10~60メガヘルツ、ロープなどの繊維製品加工には10~40メガヘルツを用いる。木材の接着では、接着剤を塗布した木材を電極で強く挟み交番電界を加えると、接着剤が選択的に急速に加熱されて短時間で大きい強度の接着が得られるので、合板や、スキーなどのスポーツ用具、楽器などの製造に用いられる。このほかプラスチックスの加硫、塩化ビニルやポリエチレンフィルムなどの高周波ウエルダ、登山用や船舶用の合成繊維ロープの連続ヒートセッティングなど、用途は広い。短波帯を利用するこれまでの方法は、1950年代に始められたが、70年ころからマイクロ波を利用したものが現れている。これには5~100キロワットのマイクロ波を利用して、菓子類の防黴(かび)、米菓の膨化、冷凍肉の解凍用のベルトコンベヤー式装置などがあり、ゴムの連続加硫、農産物中の殺虫、塗料の乾燥などへの応用も試みられている。

 誘電加熱は誘電体物質が均一な場合は加熱も均一に行いやすく、内部でも温度上昇は速い。また、内部にある電気エネルギーを吸収しやすい誘電体だけを急速に加熱することもでき、加熱の制御が比較的に簡単で、加熱効率は高い。欠点としては設備費が高く、材質や形状によっては均一加熱が困難なことがあげられる。

[岩田倫典]

[参照項目] | 誘電体
誘電加熱の原理
©青木 隆">

誘電加熱の原理


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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