Unicycle - Ichirinsha

Japanese: 一輪車 - いちりんしゃ
Unicycle - Ichirinsha

Things that go by this name include bicycles and pushcarts for carrying luggage.

The former type of unicycle has one seat and moves forward and backward by directly turning the wheel with pedals. Most unicycles have no brakes or handlebars, and the rider changes his riding position to change direction. There are unicycles for sports and acrobatic purposes. The first unicycle, the "pedocaedre," was made in 1853 using the wheels of horse-drawn carriages used by farmers at the time, and was exhibited at the Paris Exposition in 1855. A practical unicycle was made in 1870 by the British John Hobby, and in 1880, T. Scuri of Italy is recorded as having traveled from Milan to Turin on a unicycle. Various types were invented in the 1880s, but most of them were large-wheeled bicycles with the rear wheel removed, leaving the handlebars. The first unicycle was recorded as being used in a circus in 1860.

[Ken Uchida]

The latter type of handcart has a single wheel attached to the front of the body and is used to transport crops, fertilizer, construction materials, etc. on narrow mountain roads, farm roads, and construction sites. Also called nekoguruma, oshiguruma, or hakoguruma, it is distributed from Central Asia to China and was introduced to Japan from China. The time of its introduction is unclear, but there are records that it was in use during the Kamakura period. In China it is called oshisha or kosha, and is still in wide use today. Those in northern and southern China have larger wheels and a different structure, but those in the Sichuan region are similar to Japanese ones. Some have a sail or are pulled by livestock to save labor.

[Noh Sato]

[Reference] | Bicycle

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

この名でよばれるものに、自転車と荷物運搬用の手押し車がある。

 前者の一輪自転車は、座席が一つで、ペダルで直接車輪を回して前進、後退する。ブレーキやハンドル・バーがなく、乗員の乗車姿勢の変化を利用して方向転換を行う形式のものが多い。スポーツ用、曲技用がある。1853年、当時農民が使っていた馬車の車輪を利用した一輪車「ペドカエードル」が最初につくられ、1855年のパリ博覧会に出展された。実用的な一輪車は1870年にイギリスのホビーJohn Hobbyによってつくられ、1880年にはイタリアのスクリT. Scuriが一輪車でミラノからトリノまで走行した記録がある。1880年代にはさまざまな形のものが考案されているが、その多くは大輪自転車から後輪を外した形式のもので、ハンドル・バーが残されている。なお1860年に一輪車が初めてサーカスで使われた記録がある。

[内田 謙]

 後者の手押し車は、車体の前部に1個の車輪をつけたもので、道幅の狭い山道、畑道や工事現場などで農作物や肥料、建設材料などを運ぶのに用いられる。ねこぐるま、おしぐるま、はこぐるまともよばれ、中央アジアから中国にかけて分布し、日本へは中国から伝来した。渡来の時期は明らかでないが、鎌倉時代には用いられていたという記録がある。中国では推車または小車とよばれ、現在も広く用いられている。華北・華南のものは車輪も大きく構造も違うが、四川(しせん)地方のものは日本のものに似ている。帆をかけたり、家畜に引かせたりして労力を節約したものもある。

[佐藤農人]

[参照項目] | 自転車

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