Visual flight rules (VFR)

Japanese: 有視界飛行方式 - ゆうしかいひこうほうしき(英語表記)visual flight rules; VFR
Visual flight rules (VFR)
A flight method in which an aircraft flies by visual observation. In contrast, a flight in which the aircraft's attitude, altitude, position, and heading are measured solely by instruments is called an instrument flight method (IFR). Visual flight requires that the weather conditions of cloud height and visibility are visual meteorological conditions (VMC) that allow the aircraft to fly while maintaining a safe distance from other aircraft and obstacles, and there are minimum standards for this. For example, at airports, visibility must be 5 km or more, cloud height must be 300 m or more, and when flying in airspace outside of controlled areas less than 3000 m, there must be no clouds within 600 m horizontally, 150 m above, and 300 m below, and visibility must be 1.5 km or more. Conversely, under such weather conditions, pilots can fly freely at their own discretion, but in the vicinity of airports and in certain airspaces, they must follow the instructions of air traffic control agencies.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
航空機が操縦士の目視によって飛行する飛行方式。これに対し,航空機の姿勢,高度,位置および針路の測定を計器にのみ依存して行なう飛行を計器飛行方式 IFRという。有視界飛行を行なうには,雲高および視程の気象条件が他の航空機や障害物から安全な間隔を保ちながら飛行できるような有視界気象状態 visual meteorological condition(VMC)でなければならず,そのための最低限度が設けられている。たとえば飛行場では視程 5km以上,雲高 300m以上,また管制圏以外の空域を 3000m未満で飛行する場合は水平 600m,上方 150m,下方 300mの範囲に雲がなく,視程 1.5km以上と定められている。逆に,このような気象条件ならば,操縦士は自分の判断で自由に飛行できるが,空港周辺や特定の空域では管制機関の指示に従わなければならない。

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