American psychologist. Born in Massachusetts. He studied under W. James at Harvard University, where he conducted experiments on animal learning under the influence of functionalism. He then moved to Columbia University, where he continued to conduct maze and puzzle-box experiments on cats and other animals under J.M. Cattell, and earned a doctorate for his research on animal intelligence. He analyzed association processes in learning experiments with animals, and argued that when a chance response, obtained through trial and error, has the correct result and is satisfying, it strengthens the association with the situation at that time (the law of effect), and that the association is further strengthened by repetition of the response and situation (the law of practice). This argument has had a major impact on subsequent behavioral research and learning theory. These animal experiments led him to have a wide-ranging interest in human learning and education, and he made pioneering contributions to educational measurement and vocabulary research. His major works include Animal Intelligence (1898), Educational Psychology (1913), Fundamentals of Learning (1932), and Man and His Work (1943). [Takashi Ogawa] [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカの心理学者。マサチューセッツ州生まれ。ハーバード大学でW・ジェームズの指導を受け、機能主義functionalismの影響下に動物の学習に関する実験を行い、続いて、コロンビア大学に移り、J・M・キャッテルのもとで、ネコなどの迷路・問題箱の実験を継続、動物の知能に関する研究で学位を得た。 動物の学習実験で連合過程を分析し、試行錯誤による偶然の反応が、正しい結果をもち、満足を与えることによって、その反応がそのときの事態と連合を強めること(効果の法則)と、反応と事態との反復によって、いっそう連合が強められること(練習の法則)を主張した。この主張は、その後の行動研究・学習理論に大きな影響を与えている。彼はこれらの動物実験から人間の学習、教育面にも広い関心をもち、教育測定、語彙(ごい)研究などに開拓的業績を残している。主著に『Animal intelligence』(1898)、『Educational psychology』(1913)、『Fundamentals of learning』(1932)、『Man and his work』(1943)などがある。 [小川 隆] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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