Yuki Tsumugi

Japanese: 結城紬 - ゆうきつむぎ
Yuki Tsumugi

A traditional silk fabric produced in the area along the Kinu River, centered around Yuki City, Ibaraki Prefecture. The original Yuki Tsumugi is made using thread hand-spun from pure cotton, dyed with indigo and woven on a primitive hand loom called a jibata. The Yuki region has been famous nationwide for producing Hitachiashiginu and other fabrics since the Kamakura period. In the Edo period, advanced techniques were adopted from Nishijin in Kyoto, and what was previously plain tsumugi was transformed into bolts of cloth with patterns and dyed patterns. Combined with active promotional measures, it flourished as a side job in rural areas, and the name "Yuki Tsumugi" was established.

The production of Kasuri weaving began in 1865 (Keio 1), and is connected to the current Yuki Tsumugi. It involves: (1) Placing the silk floss. The cocoon is spread open with fingertips in warm water and shaped into a bag. (2) Spinning. The bag of silk floss is wrapped around a bundle of millet husks, and one end of the bag is pulled out with fingertips. The thinner the thread, the fewer knots it has. (3) Kasuri tying. Each thread (warp and weft) is inked according to the design, and then tied tightly with thin cotton thread. (4) Dyeing. The silk thread is indigo-dyed in a clay vat, and is then dipped in succession into vats of light to dark colors for dyeing. (5) Weaving. After going through the above steps, the fabric is woven on a loom. It takes about 50 days to weave one bolt of fabric. Yuki Tsumugi has steadily preserved traditional techniques since ancient times, and is dyed using either vegetable or mordant dyes for durability. It is known for its strong thread quality and colorfastness. In 1956 (Showa 31), it was designated an Important Intangible Cultural Property of Japan, and in 1977, it was designated a traditional craft by the Minister of International Trade and Industry (now the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry), and the kasuri technique has further advanced.

[Namiki Satoru]

Furthermore, in 2010, it was registered as an Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).

[Editorial Department]

[Reference] | Indigo dyeing | Nishijin
Yuki Tsumugi Production Process (1) Spinning
The silk floss from the unfolded cocoon is placed on a tsukushi (a bundle of millet husks) and spun with fingertips to a uniform fineness. ©Shogakukan

Yuki Tsumugi Production Process (1) Spinning

Yuki Tsumugi production process (2) Kasuri binding
The spun thread is put on a spinning wheel to be spun, then the threads are reinforced with base paste and sorted into a set length and number, and the inked parts are then tied tightly with cotton thread (Kasuri binding). ©Shogakukan ">

Yuki Tsumugi production process (2) Kasuri binding

Yuki Tsumugi Production Process (3) Dyeing
A bundle of kasuri threads is attached to the end of a stick, soaked in indigo, and slammed against an iron plate to allow the dye to soak in. ©Shogakukan ">

Yuki Tsumugi Production Process (3) Dyeing

Yuki Tsumugi Production Process (4) Weaving
Hand-spun yarn with no twist is weak in terms of stretching, so it is woven on a primitive loom called an izawa loom. ©Shogakukan ">

Yuki Tsumugi Production Process (4) Weaving


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

茨城県結城市を中心とする鬼怒(きぬ)川沿いの地域から生産された、伝統的な絹織物。真綿から手紡ぎした糸を使い、藍(あい)染めによる括(くく)り絣(がすり)を施し、地機(じばた)という原始的な手織機で織り上げたものが、本来の結城紬である。結城地方は、鎌倉時代から常陸絁(ひたちあしぎぬ)などの生産がなされ、全国的に有名であった。江戸時代になって、京都西陣(にしじん)から高度な技術を取り入れ、従来無地紬であったものが、型付けや模様染めの反物に変わり、また積極的な振興策とも相まって、農村の副業として栄え、「結城紬」の名も確定した。

 絣織のほうは、1865年(慶応1)から生産が始まり、現在の結城紬につながっている。それは、(1)真綿かけ。繭を温湯の中で指先で広げ、袋状の形に仕上げる。(2)糸紡ぎ。袋真綿をツクシ(黍殻(きびがら)を束ねたもの)に絡ませ、その一端より指頭をもって引き出す。細くて節の少ない糸ほどよい。(3)絣括り。経糸緯糸(たていとよこいと)それぞれの糸はデザインによって墨つけをされ、そのところを細い綿糸で固く括る作業。(4)染め。土甕(どがめ)の中で藍建てし、精練した絹糸を、順次色の薄い甕から濃い甕に浸して染める。(5)織り。以上の工程を経て、地機を用いて織物をつくる。一反の織物を織り上げるのに、約50日はかかる。結城紬は、古くから伝統技法を着実に守り、染色も植物か媒染の堅牢(けんろう)染めとしており、糸質強靭(きょうじん)、染色堅牢であることが特徴とされており、1956年(昭和31)には国の重要無形文化財、1977年には通産大臣(現、経済産業大臣)の伝統工芸品に指定され、絣の技法は一段と進歩している。

[並木 覚]

 また、2010年(平成22)ユネスコ(国連教育科学文化機関)の無形文化遺産に登録された。

[編集部]

[参照項目] | 藍染め | 西陣
結城紬の作業工程(1)糸紡ぎ
繭を広げた袋真綿をツクシ(黍殻を束ねたもの)にかけ、指頭で一定の細さに撚りぎみに紡ぐ©Shogakukan">

結城紬の作業工程(1)糸紡ぎ

結城紬の作業工程(2)絣括り
紡いだ糸を糸車にかける綛上げ、下糊で補強した糸を一定の長さと本数に仕分ける整経、図案にあわせた墨つけなどの工程を経て、墨つけ部分を綿糸で固く括る(絣括り)©Shogakukan">

結城紬の作業工程(2)絣括り

結城紬の作業工程(3)染め
絣糸の束を棒の先につけて藍に浸し、染料をしみ込ませるため鉄板にたたきつける©Shogakukan">

結城紬の作業工程(3)染め

結城紬の作業工程(4)機織り
撚りのない手紡ぎの糸は、伸びに弱いため、原始的な織機である居座機で織る©Shogakukan">

結城紬の作業工程(4)機織り


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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