Among the hemp fabrics woven in the Ojiya area of Niigata Prefecture, Ojiya Chijimi or Echigo Chijimi is known as hemp chijimi, which uses tightly twisted weft threads to create a creased surface. Ramie has long been used as the raw material, but spun ramie thread is now more commonly used. This region has long been a hemp-producing area, and linen cloth has been famous as a specialty product since the end of the Heian period. During the Kanbun era (1661-1673), Horijiro Masatoshi of Akashi, Banshu, introduced the Akashi Hon Chijimi technique, which uses twisted warp and weft threads, and the weaving of chijimi cloth began. This was made using high-quality blue indigo, and very thin, high-quality fabric was woven; this reached its highest level at the end of the Edo period, and sometimes it was even possible to weave fabric so thin that it could fit through the hole of a Tenpo coin when squeezed. The raw material used was ramie that grows wild in the mountains and fields, but as production increased it became scarce and so ramie from the Aizu, Mogami and Yonezawa areas was purchased to make up for the shortage. To make tightly twisted yarn, it is spun by hand using a spindle and woven on a jibata loom. Bleaching is done using a method unique to this region, but the principle is the same as sun-bleaching, where the fabric is soaked in lye overnight, washed well the next morning, wrung out and exposed on snow several times. It is then soaked in lukewarm water, rinsed and wrinkled, and then placed in a tub with clean water and stepped on with the feet to remove mud. Currently, the method designated as an Important Intangible Cultural Property for Preservation of Technology requires that spinning be done by hand, kasuri be made by hand binding, weaving be done on a loom, and the shibori process be done by hot water kneading, foot stomping, and drying in the snow. However, the number of products made using this method has decreased, with only around 200 bolts produced per year at present, and to make up for this, most products are produced by machine using ramie and synthetic yarns. In addition to plain dyeing, there are also kasuri and striped patterns, and patterned products are also made. Since the Edo period, hemp has been used as formal attire for samurai, and so there has been a high demand for it for items such as kamishimo (traditional Japanese kimono), but nowadays, due to the unique smooth feel and texture of hemp, it is used for summer kimono fabric and futon fabric. [Kadoyama Yukihiro] In 2009, Ojiya Chijimi was registered as an intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) as "Ojiya Chijimi/Echigo Jofu." [Editorial Department] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
新潟県小千谷市付近で織り出される麻織物のうち、緯糸(よこいと)に強く撚(よ)った縮糸を使い、織面に「しぼ」を出した麻縮を小千谷縮または越後縮(えちごちぢみ)とよんでいる。原料には、古くから苧麻(ちょま)を用いていたが、現在では紡績したラミー糸を使うものが多くなった。この地方は古くから麻の生産地で、一部に麻布が平安末期から特産品として名をなしていたが、寛文(かんぶん)年間(1661~1673)に播州明石(ばんしゅうあかし)の堀次郎将俊(ほりじろうまさとし)により、経緯(たてよこ)に撚糸(よりいと)を使って織り出す明石本縮(あかしほんちぢみ)の手法がもたらされ、縮布の製織が始まった。これには品質の優れた青苧(あおそ)を使い、非常に薄い良質のものが織られ、江戸末期には最高の段階に達したが、ときには織物をしごくと天保銭(てんぽうせん)の穴にまで通るほどの薄地のものさえ織ることができた。 原料は山野に自生する苧麻を使用したが、生産量の増加とともに不足し、会津、最上(もがみ)、米沢(よねざわ)方面の苧麻を買い入れて補っている。強撚糸(きょうねんし)をつくるには紡錘(つむ)を使って手紡ぎで撚り、製織は地機(じばた)によっている。漂白はこの地方独特の雪晒(ゆきざらし)によっているが、原理は天日晒と変わりはなく、一晩中、灰汁(あく)に浸しておき、明朝これをよく洗い、絞って雪の上で何回も晒す。のち、ぬるま湯に浸してすすぎ、しぼをよせ、これを桶の中で、清水を入れ、足で踏んで泥をとる足ぶみが加わった。 現在、国の重要無形文化財技術保存に指定されている方法は、紡績するには「手うみ」によること、絣(かすり)にするには「手括(てくび)り」によること、製織には地機を使って織ること、しぼよせをするには「湯もみ」「足ぶみ」をし、雪晒することを条件に指定されている。しかしこの方法による本製品は少なくなり、現在ではわずか年産200反前後にすぎず、それを補うためにラミー、化繊糸を使う機械生産によるものが多くなった。種類は無地染めのほかに、絣、縞(しま)などがあり、また柄ものもつくられている。 用途は、江戸時代から麻が武家の正装用であったことから裃(かみしも)などに多くの需要があったが、現在では麻独特のさらっとした感覚と風合いのため、盛夏用の着尺地、ふとん地に使用されている。 [角山幸洋] なお小千谷縮は、2009年(平成21)「小千谷縮・越後上布」として、ユネスコ(国連教育科学文化機関)の無形文化遺産に登録された。 [編集部] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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