Also called vitalism or vitalism. A theory in biology and sociology. Biologically, it opposes animism and vitalism (especially neovitalism), but it also opposes the overly simple mechanical view of living organisms, and considers that morphogenesis and purposefulness (or what appears to be purposefulness) are due to the highly advanced and complex organic organization of living organisms. Representative theorists in biology include L. von Bertalanffy. J. Rostand and P. Janet hold that life is the result of the organic composition of organs, but there are also theories that recognize the inherent vital characteristics of each organ. Sociologically, society is viewed analogously to living organisms, and there is a theory that sociology is a branch of biology. Although it is different from holism, the distinction can become unclear when there is a strong tendency to claim that organisms are functional entities and that the whole cannot be understood by the sum of their parts. Representative theories include I. Comte, H. Spencer, and C. Bouglé. In medicine, organicism refers to the theory that sees the cause of disease as damage to one or more organs. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
生体論,生体説ともいう。生物学と社会学における理論。生物学的にはアニミズムや生気説 (特に新生気説) に対立するが,生体をあまりに単純に機械論的にみることにも反対し,形態形成,合目的性 (のようにみえるもの) なども生物がもつきわめて高度の複雑な有機的組織化によるものととらえる。生物学での理論化の代表者として,L.フォン・ベルタランフィなどがいる。生命を諸器官の有機体的組成の結果とする J.ロスタンや P.ジャネの立場があるが,各器官に固有の生命的特性を認める説もある。社会学的には社会を生物体と類比的にとらえ,さらに進めば社会学を生物学の一分野とする説もある。全体論とは異なるが,有機体は機能的統一体であり,部分の総和によっては全体はとらえられないという主張の面が強いとき,区別が曖昧になることもある。 I.コント,H.スペンサー,C.ブーグレらがその代表者。なお医学上 organicismとは病気の原因を1つ以上の器官の損傷とみる器官障害説をいう。
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