The phenomenon in which a crystalline solid changes into a liquid. When a crystalline solid is heated, a constant temperature is maintained while melting is in progress. This temperature is specific to a pure substance and is called the melting point or melting point, and it is the same as the solidification point. The latent heat absorbed during melting is called the heat of fusion and is equal to the heat of solidification. Microscopically, melting is a phenomenon in which atoms and molecules that are thermally vibrating around regular lattice points in the solid state become more intense when heated, and finally become liquid, moving randomly, freed from their regular arrangement. The melting of metals and inorganic salts at high temperatures is also called melting. The melting point also varies depending on the pressure; for example, the melting point of ice decreases as the pressure increases. Ice skates slide well because the ice under the sharp edges of the skates melts due to the high pressure and acts as a lubricant. The phenomenon in which a non-crystalline amorphous solid becomes a liquid is called softening. The softening temperature is not constant. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
結晶性の固体が液体に変る現象。結晶性の固体を加熱していくとき,融解が進行している間は一定の温度が保たれる。この温度は純粋物質では固有であって,融解点または融点と呼ばれ,凝固点と一致する。融解の際に吸収される潜熱は融解熱と呼ばれ,凝固熱に等しい。融解は微視的には,固体状態で規則的な格子点を中心に熱振動している原子や分子が,加熱によってその熱振動が激しくなり,ついに規則的配列から解放されて乱雑に運動する液体状態になる現象である。金属や無機塩などの高温度での融解を熔解ともいう。融点は圧力によっても異なり,たとえば圧力が高くなると氷の融点は低くなる。アイススケートがよく滑るのは,スケート靴の鋭いエッジの下の氷が高圧のために融解して潤滑剤の役目をするからである。非結晶性の無定形物質の固体が液体になる現象は軟化と呼ばれる。軟化温度は一定ではない。
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