Hybrid vigor

Japanese: 雑種強勢 - ざっしゅきょうせい(英語表記)hybrid vigor
Hybrid vigor

This refers to the superior qualities such as growth, survival and fertility that appear in hybrids produced between genetically different parents, and is also called heterosis. It is the opposite phenomenon of self-breeding recessiveness. It is not a phenomenon that appears in all hybrids, and the degree of it varies depending on the combination of parents. Generally, the more distantly related the pair is within the same species, the stronger the hybrid vigor is, but if the pair is too distantly related, they may show hybrid weakness, such as poor growth.

Hybrid vigor is closely related to the degree of hybridity, and is most evident in the first generation of hybrids (F 1 ), and the degree of vigor gradually decreases with each subsequent hybrid generation.

[Shinya Iyama]

The phenomenon of hybrid vigor

It was discovered in the 1760s by German botanist J. G. Kölreuter in his extensive research on tobacco hybrids, but its practical application in agricultural production began in the early 1900s with the research on corn hybrid vigor by American researchers Herbert Kendall Hayes (1884-1972), Edward Murray East (1879-1938), and George Harrison Shull (1874-1954). Corn production in America increased dramatically through the use of F1 hybrids. In Japan, the use of F1 hybrid varieties of silkworms was already developed at the Silkworm Experiment Station in 1914 (Taisho 3), and it quickly spread throughout the country. The use of hybrid vigor requires crossing between different parents, so it was widely applied to outcrossing crops from which hybrid seeds can be easily obtained, but it was later applied to self-pollinating crops such as rice by using cytoplasmic male sterility, which genetically disables the ability to fertilize pollen. Today, most animal varieties, such as chickens and silkworms, and plant varieties, such as corn, tomatoes, onions, and sorghum (self-pollinating crops), have become hybrids, and are used in the production of many vegetables, flowers, forest trees, and livestock.

[Shinya Iyama]

Causes of Hybrid Vigor

When genes that are advantageous for survival are dominant over disadvantageous genes, and there are many such genes, it is very difficult to collect all of the advantageous genes in a homozygous state in one parent. In particular, when there are many genes, it is highly likely that they are linked on a limited number of chromosomes, making it even more difficult to collect only the advantageous genes in one genotype. When crossbreeding is performed between parents that have both advantageous and disadvantageous genes, the F1 will be in a heterozygous state, and there is a high probability that the expression of the disadvantageous recessive gene from one parent will be masked by the advantageous dominant allele from the other parent. The explanation that the F1 thus produced will be more advantageous than either of the parents is called the dominant gene linkage theory. Another explanation that conflicts with this is the overdominance theory. The phenomenon in which a heterozygous type is superior to the homozygous types of either parent at a single gene locus is called overdominance. This theory states that when the parents cross, different genes between them become heterozygous, resulting in hybrid vigor. In reality, it is likely that both of these phenomena are occurring.

[Shinya Iyama]

[References] | Kerreuter | Hybrid | Hetero | Homo

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

遺伝的に異なる両親の間に生じた雑種に現れる、生育、生存力、繁殖力などの優れた性質をいい、ヘテローシスheterosisともよばれる。自殖劣性の逆の現象である。すべての雑種に現れる現象ではなく、両親の組合せによってその程度が異なる。一般に同一種内の遠縁のものの間の組合せほど雑種強勢が強く現れるが、あまり遠縁のものはかえって生育の不良な雑種弱勢を示すことがある。

 雑種強勢は、雑種性の程度と深く関係しており、雑種第一代(F1)にもっとも著しく現れ、以下、雑種世代が進むにしたがってしだいに強勢の程度が減少する。

[井山審也]

雑種強勢の現象

ドイツの植物学者J・G・ケルロイターのタバコを用いた広範な雑種研究で1760年代に発見されたが、これが農業生産に実用化されたのは、1900年代初めのアメリカの研究者ヘイズHerbert Kendall Hayes(1884―1972)、イーストEdward Murray East(1879―1938)、シャルGeorge Harrison Shull(1874―1954)らのトウモロコシの雑種強勢の研究に始まる。アメリカのトウモロコシの生産は、一代雑種の利用によって飛躍的に増大した。日本でも、1914年(大正3)にすでにカイコの一代雑種品種の利用が蚕糸試験場で開発され、その後、急速に全国に普及した。雑種強勢の利用は、異なる両親の間の交雑を必要とするので、交雑種子の得られやすい他殖性の作物に広く適用されてきたが、やがて遺伝的に花粉などの受精能力を不能にする細胞質雄性不稔(ふねん)の利用などによって、イネなどの自殖性の作物にも応用されるようになった。現在では、ほとんどのニワトリ、カイコなどの動物、トウモロコシ、トマト、タマネギ、モロコシ(自殖性作物)など植物の品種が一代雑種品種となり、また多くの野菜類、花、林木、家畜などの生産に利用されている。

[井山審也]

雑種強勢の原因

生存に有利な遺伝子が、不利な遺伝子に対して優性であって、そのような遺伝子の数が多いと、一方の親にそのような有利な遺伝子をすべてホモの状態で集めることは非常にむずかしい。とくに遺伝子の数が多いと、限られた数の染色体上にそれらが連鎖している可能性が高いので、有利な遺伝子だけを一方の遺伝子型に集めることはさらにむずかしい。このような、有利な遺伝子も不利な遺伝子ももっている両親の間の交雑を行ったとき、F1はヘテロの状態になって、互いに一方の親からきた不利な劣性遺伝子の表現を、他方の有利な優性対立遺伝子が覆い隠してしまう確率が高くなる。そのようにして生じたF1は、両親のいずれよりも有利になるという説明で、優性遺伝子連鎖説といわれる。それと対立する別の説明は、超優性説である。一つの遺伝子座について、ヘテロ接合型が両親のいずれのホモ接合型よりも優れている現象を超優性という。両親の交雑によって、その間で異なる遺伝子がヘテロ接合型となって雑種強勢が現れるという説である。実際にはおそらくこれらの両方の現象がおこっているものと思われる。

[井山審也]

[参照項目] | ケルロイター | 雑種 | ヘテロ | ホモ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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