Yangon - Yangon (English spelling)

Japanese: ヤンゴン - やんごん(英語表記)Yangon
Yangon - Yangon (English spelling)

The largest city in the Union of Myanmar (Burma). It was the capital of the country until October 2006. Its official name is Yangon, but it is known as Rangoon, an English-style pronunciation. It has a population of 4,344,100 (2003 estimate). It is located at the confluence of the Hlaing River (Yangon River) and the Pegu River, which flow from the Pegu Mountains. About 30 km downstream from the confluence, it reaches the Gulf of Martaban. It has a tropical monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 27.2°C. It is relatively bearable from December to February, but extremely hot in April and May. The annual precipitation is 2574.2 mm, 80% of which falls between June and September. It is the political and economic center of Myanmar, and the port of Yangon handles 80% of the country's trade. However, the administrative functions such as the various ministries are in the new capital, Naypyidaw. There had been many rice mills and sawmills in the industry, but after independence, nationalization of industry led to the establishment of new national factories for steel, pharmaceuticals, jute spinning, shipbuilding, and other industries, and the city has developed significantly. Various educational institutions, such as the University of Yangon and the Yangon Technological University, are also concentrated here. Yangon is also the country's transportation hub, with its port connected to the Irrawaddy and Sittang river systems by canals. The railway line is the starting point for the cities of Mandalay, Prohm, and Martaban, and Mingaladon Airport in the north is the country's air gateway. The city has artificial water supply lakes such as Lake Royal and Lake Inya, and many urban areas and parks surrounded by greenery. There are also many pagodas, befitting the capital of a Buddhist country, such as the elegant Sule Pagoda in the square in the city center and the huge gold-leaf Shwedagon Pagoda in the Yangon Hills.

[Toshiaki Sakai]

history

Until the 18th century, it was merely a small village with the Shwedagon Pagoda (a pagoda that is said to have been built around the 6th century BC) and was known only as the holy city of Dagon. The capitals of the dynasty were mainly located in Upper Burma, and the center of Lower Burma was Pegu (now Bago). The ports that flourished as seaports were Dala, Syriam, Pegu, and Martaban on the opposite bank. Dagon became important after King Alaungpaya unified all of Burma in the 18th century. In 1755, King Alaungpaya fought against the Mon people and occupied the town of Dagon. He built a fort here and used it as a military base for his war against the Mon people, and named the place Rangoon (meaning "end of the battle"; in modern Burmese, Yangon) in the hope of eradicating the enemy. After the subjugation of the Mon people, the city served as the center of Lower Burma administration and developed as the kingdom's largest trading port. However, it was only after the unilateral annexation of Lower Burma by Britain in 1852 after the Second Burmese War that Yangon achieved great development.

Yangon was rebuilt and expanded as the center of British Burma, and the prototype of Yangon as we know it today was established. Its importance increased in the 20th century, and the population, which was about 100,000 in the 1870s, rapidly increased to 250,000 in 1901 and 400,000 in 1931. This population increase was largely due to immigrant Indian workers. Burmese made up just under 30% of the population, and Indians and overseas Chinese dominated economic activity, showing the typical appearance of a colonial city. Most of the city was destroyed by occupation by the Japanese army during World War II and reoccupation by the British army, but when Burma gained independence in 1948, it was given a new face as the capital of an independent nation. The military government of Myanmar, which seized power in a coup in 1988, moved the capital functions to the central city of Naypyidaw in November 2005, and in October 2006, Naypyidaw was designated the capital of Myanmar, replacing Yangon.

[Yoshinari Watanabe]

[Reference] | Shwedagon Pagoda
Yangon River
Near the confluence with the Pegu River. Yangon city is in the background. Yangon, Myanmar ©Shogakukan ">

Yangon River

Shwedagon Pagoda
A symbol of the Buddhist nation of Myanmar. The golden spire is 99 meters high and is the largest pagoda in the country. Yangon, Myanmar ©Masashi Tanaka ">

Shwedagon Pagoda


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ミャンマー(ビルマ)連邦第一の都市。2006年10月までは同国の首都。正式呼称はヤンゴンであるが、英語風になまったラングーンで知られる。人口434万4100(2003推計)。ペグー山脈から流れるフライン川(ヤンゴン川)とペグー川の合流点に位置する。合流点から約30キロメートル下るとマルタバン湾に達する。熱帯モンスーン気候に属し、年平均気温は27.2℃。12月から2月までは比較的しのぎやすいが、4月と5月はきわめて暑い。年降水量は2574.2ミリメートルで、その80%は6月から9月までに降る。ミャンマーの政治の中心地であるとともに経済の中心地で、ヤンゴン港は同国の貿易の80%を取り扱う。ただし、各省庁など行政機能は新首都のネピドーにある。工業は以前から精米、製材工場が多数あったが、独立後は産業国有化政策により鉄鋼、薬品、ジュート紡績、造船などの国営工場が新設され発展が著しい。また、ヤンゴン大学、ヤンゴン工科大学など各種教育機関もここに集中する。交通面でも同国の中枢をなし、ヤンゴン港は運河によりイラワディ水系やシッタン水系と結ばれる。鉄道はマンダレー、プローム、マルタバンの各市への起点で、北部のミンガラドン空港はこの国の空の玄関である。市内にはロイヤル湖やインヤ湖などの水道用人工湖があり、緑に包まれた市街地や公園が多い。また都心部の広場にある優美なスーレー・パゴダ、ヤンゴン丘陵にある金箔(きんぱく)を施した巨大なシュエダゴン・パゴダなど、仏教国の主都にふさわしく多くの仏塔がある。

[酒井敏明]

歴史

18世紀までは、シュエダゴン・パゴダ(伝承によれば紀元前6世紀ころの建立の仏塔)を擁する一寒村にすぎず、聖地ダゴンとして知られるのみであった。王朝時代の都は、もっぱら上ビルマに置かれ、下ビルマの中心はペグー(現、バゴー)にあった。また、海港として栄えたのも対岸のダラ、シリアムや、ペグー、マルタバンなどの港であった。ダゴンが重要性をもつのは、18世紀にアラウンパヤー王が全ビルマを統一して以降のことである。1755年、モン人と戦ってダゴンの町を占領したアラウンパヤー王は、この地に城砦(じょうさい)を築き対モン人戦争の軍事基地とし、敵の根絶を願ってこの地をラングーン(「戦いの終わり」の意。現代ビルマ語でヤンゴンYangon)と命名した。モン人制圧後、この町は下ビルマ統治の中心として機能し、また、王国最大の貿易港として発展していった。しかし、ヤンゴンが一大発展を遂げるのは、1852年の第二次ビルマ戦争後のイギリスによる一方的な下ビルマ併合以降のことである。

 ヤンゴンはイギリス領ビルマの中心として再建拡張され、ほぼ現在のヤンゴンの原型が築かれた。20世紀に入るとその重要性は高まり、1870年代には約10万であった人口も、1901年には25万、1931年には40万と急増していった。この人口増加にはインド人労働者の移民が大きな部分を占めていた。ビルマ人は人口の30%弱を占めるのみで、インド人、華僑(かきょう)が経済活動を握るなど、典型的な植民地都市の様相を示していた。第二次世界大戦中の日本軍による占領、イギリス軍の再占領によって、都市の大部分が破壊されたが、1948年にビルマが独立すると、独立国家の首都として面目を一新した。1988年のクーデターにより政権を掌握したミャンマーの軍事政権は、2005年11月以降同国中部の都市ネピドーへの首都機能移転を進め、2006年10月にはヤンゴンにかえて、ネピドーをミャンマーの首都とした。

[渡辺佳成]

[参照項目] | シュエダゴン・パゴダ
ヤンゴン川
ペグー川との合流点付近。後方はヤンゴン市街。ミャンマー ヤンゴン©Shogakukan">

ヤンゴン川

シュエダゴン・パゴダ
仏教国ミャンマーの象徴。金色に輝く尖塔は高さ約99mで、同国最大の仏塔である。ミャンマー ヤンゴン©Masashi Tanaka">

シュエダゴン・パゴダ


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