A name for shrines on the mountaintop or mid-mountain, as opposed to village shrines at the foot of the mountain or in villages. Usually, the same deity is worshiped at both the top and the foot of the mountain, so they are distinguished by names such as Yamamiya and Satomiya, Kamimiya and Shimomiya, Kamisha and Shimosha, or Okumiya and Motomiya. A widely held belief in the legend of the coming and going of the rice field god, which states that in spring the god descends from the mountain to the rice fields and becomes a rice field god, and in autumn he returns to the mountain and becomes a mountain god again. There are shrines such as Yahiko Shrine in Niigata Prefecture that say the deity first descends to the sacred tomb of Mt. Yahiko, and worship the top of the mountain as the place of the deity's descent, with the main shrine at the foot of the mountain. Furthermore, the Yamamiya ceremonies of the Watarai and Arakida families of Ise Shrine are considered to be ancestral festivals. For these reasons, it is often interpreted that what was originally worshipped on the mountaintop gradually came to be worshipped at the foot of the mountain, and this has been seen as a diagram of Yamamiya to Satomiya. Furthermore, the theory has developed that mountain gods are the embodiment of ancestral spirits, and that the purpose of Yamamiya was to worship ancestral spirits. However, this lacks empirical support. Since ancient times, it has been believed that Japanese gods descend from heaven through sacred trees and other objects. Therefore, in light of many cases, the view that it is more appropriate to say that because there is a legend that a god enshrined at the foot of a mountain descended from heaven, that legend led to the god being enshrined on the mountaintop, or that the place of descent was designated as the mountaintop. [Masaru Sasaki] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
山上や中腹にある社(やしろ)で、山麓(さんろく)や村里にある里宮に対する呼称。普通、同一の祭神を山上と山麓で祀(まつ)ることから、山宮と里宮、上宮(かみみや)と下宮(しもみや)、上社(かみしゃ)と下社(しもしゃ)あるいは奥宮と本宮(もとみや)などと区別してよばれている。春になると神が山から田へ降りて田の神となり、秋にはふたたび山に戻って山の神になるといった田の神の去来伝承が広く信じられていること。新潟県の弥彦(いやひこ)神社のように、祭神がまず弥彦(やひこ)山の神陵に降臨すると伝え、山上を神降臨の場所として祀り、本社は山麓に祀るという神社があること。そして、伊勢(いせ)神宮の社家の度会(わたらい)、荒木田(あらきだ)両氏の山宮行事が祖先祭りと考えられること。これらのことから、元来は山上で祀っていたものがしだいに山麓で祀られるようになったと解釈されがちであり、山宮から里宮へ、という図式でとらえられた。そのうえ、山の神は祖霊の具現したもので、山宮の意義は祖霊を祀ることにあったという説に発展した。しかし、これは実証性に欠ける。日本の神は古来より神木などの依代(よりしろ)によって天より降臨すると意識されてきた。したがって、多くの事例に即せば、山麓に祀られている神が天から降臨したという伝承をもっているために、その伝承に基づいて山上に祀るようになったり、降臨の場所を山上に定めたりするようになったという見解のほうが妥当性をもつと考えられる。 [佐々木勝] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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