Yamashiro Province

Former name of the province. Area in the southern part of present-day Kyoto Prefecture. Sanshu and Joshu. Bordered the provinces of Omi and Iga to the east, Yamato to the south, and Kawachi, Settsu, and Tamba to the west. The Takano River, Kamo River, Katsura River, Uji River, and Kizu River flow out of the mountains surrounding the basin and join together to form the Yodo River. Ogura Pond was located in the central lowland area where these rivers join.

In ancient times, it was written as "Yamashiro" or "Yamashiro." It is said that the name was given this way because the area was located behind the mountains from Yamato, the ancient political center. In 794 (Enryaku 13), when the capital was moved to Heian-kyo, Emperor Kanmu issued an edict stating, "A castle will naturally be built on the shores of this country's mountains and rivers. Based on this beautiful appearance, a new name should be chosen. It would be appropriate to change Yamashiro Province to Yamashiro Province," and the name was subsequently changed to "Yamashiro."

It is one of the five Kinai regions, and the Wamyōshō states that it had "8,961 cho, 7 dan, and 290 bu rice fields." It was divided into eight districts: Otokuni, Kadono, Atago, Kii, Uji, Kuze, Tsuzuki, and Sagara. The provincial capital was originally located in Sagara district in Minamiyamashiro, but was later moved to Kadono district, and then in 797 to the south of Nagaoka-kyō and to the Kaya villa. Famous ancient clans include the Kamo clan, whose base was in Kadono, as well as the Hata clan and Koma clan, who were immigrants. It is adjacent to Yamato and was developed early on. During the Nara period, the Kuni-kyō capital was established in Sagara district for a few years. Before the capital was moved to Heian, the main roads were the Yamashiroji (old Hokuriku road) that ran from Yamato over Narasaka and up the right bank of the Kizugawa River, and the Tambaji (old San'in road) that ran up the left bank of the Kizugawa River. After the capital was moved to Heian, it developed as a political, economic and cultural center, and the movement of people and the inflow of goods became more frequent, with roads such as the Tokaido and water transport on the Yodogawa and Kizugawa rivers being widely used.

Kyoto and its surrounding areas were concentrated with manorial lords such as aristocrats and large shrines and temples, and many goods, such as annual taxes, were transported from manors all over the country. As a result, commerce and industry developed early on, and the medieval city of Kyoto achieved remarkable growth. Many of the manors in the province were subordinate to Kyoto's aristocrats and temples, and there was also a manor for the Nanto Kofukuji Temple in Minamiyamashiro, but there were few large-scale ones, and they did not produce any powerful local samurai. Rather, the area was a stage for the vigorous activities of various classes of farmers, centered around the collective ties of villages. As a result, there are many historical documents remaining that show the connections over water rights that arose as they cultivated, the disputes between villages, and peasant uprisings.

The Kamakura Shogunate first appointed Kyoto Shugo in this center of imperial power. After the Jōkyū War (1221), the Rokuhara Tandai was established to guard the capital and to oversee lawsuits in the west, and no Shugo was appointed as this was also responsible for maintaining public order in the province. The Muromachi Shogunate that followed also did not appoint Shugo at first, but later the Samurai Dōkoro Tounin took on the role. At the end of the Nanboku-chō period, Yamana Ujikiyo became Shugo, but he was destroyed in the Meitoku War, and after that all Shugo were short-term, and there was little tendency for Shugo to organize domestic warriors and establish territories as in other provinces. During the Onin War, this area became the main battlefield for both the eastern and western armies. In 1485 (Bunmei 17), in Minamiyamashiro, where wars were continuing, local samurai and farmers rose up and demanded the withdrawal of the Hatakeyama troops, and established the "Kuniju Okite" (laws of the country), maintaining the self-government system of the local uprising for eight years. After the collapse of the Yamashiro Provincial Uprising, the Hosokawa clan took control of the entire Yamashiro region.

After Oda Nobunaga entered Kyoto in 1568 (Eiroku 11), it came under the control of his powerful vassals, and Toyotomi Hideyoshi built Fushimi Castle and the castle town, and conducted a land survey of the castle land. In the Edo period, there were no other large domains in the province except for Yodo Domain, and most of the land was owned by the Imperial Court, nobles, temples, and shrines, with samurai land concentrated in Minamiyamashiro. Kyoto was a large city on a par with Edo and Osaka, and had a large population, and the surrounding farming villages were a supplier of tea from Uji, oil from Yamazaki, sake from Fushimi, river fish from Yodo, bamboo shoots from Yawata, and other fruits and vegetables.

In 1868 (Keio 4), Kyoto Prefecture was established, excluding the Yodo Domain. Yodo Prefecture was established when the domains were abolished and prefectures were established in 1871, but it was later abolished and included in Kyoto Prefecture.

[Norimi Sakai]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

旧国名。現在の京都府南部の地域。山(さん)州、城(じょう)州。東は近江(おうみ)・伊賀(いが)、南は大和(やまと)、西は河内(かわち)・摂津(せっつ)・丹波(たんば)の国々と接していた。盆地の周辺の山々から、高野(たかの)川、賀茂(かも)川（鴨川）、桂(かつら)川、宇治(うじ)川、木津(きづ)川などが流れ出し、合流して淀(よど)川となる。これらが合流する中央低地部分に巨椋(おぐら)池があった。

　古くは「山代」「山背」と記された。古代政治の中心地である大和からみれば、当地は山の後ろ（背後）にあたることから、このように名づけられたとされている。平安京へ都を移した794年（延暦13）の桓武(かんむ)天皇の詔(みことのり)に、「此(こ)の国の山河襟帯(きんたい)にして自然に城を作(な)す。斯(か)の形勝に因(よ)りて新号を制すべし。宜(よろ)しく山背国を改め山城国となすべし」とあり、これ以後「山城」に改められた。

　五畿内(きない)の一つで、『和名抄(わみょうしょう)』には、「田八千九百六十一町七段二百九十歩」とある。乙訓(おとくに)、葛野(かどの)、愛宕(おたぎ)、紀伊、宇治、久世(くぜ)、綴喜(つづき)、相楽(さがら)の八郡に分けられていた。国府は当初、南山城の相楽郡にあったが、その後葛野郡に移され、さらに797年には長岡京の南の地、そして河陽(かや)離宮へと移っている。古代豪族として、葛野を本拠とする賀茂氏のほか、渡来氏族の秦(はた)氏や狛(こま)氏などが著名である。大和に隣接しており、早くから開発が進んでいた。奈良時代に数年間ではあるが、相楽郡に恭仁(くに)京が営まれた。平安遷都以前のおもな道としては、大和から奈良坂を越え木津川の右岸を北上する山背道(やましろじ)（古北陸道）と、木津川左岸を北に上る丹波道(たんばじ)（古山陰道）があった。平安遷都後は、政治・経済・文化の中心地として発展し、人々の往還や物資の流入も盛んとなり、東海道をはじめとする道路や、淀川、木津川などの水運も大いに利用された。

　京都とその周辺には、貴族や大社寺などの荘園(しょうえん)領主が集中しており、全国各地の荘園から年貢など多くの物資が運ばれてきた。そのため早くから商工業が発達し、中世都市京都は目覚ましい発展を遂げる。当国の荘園は、京都の貴族や寺社の膝下(しっか)荘園が多く、また南山城には南都興福(こうふく)寺の荘園があったが、大規模なものはほとんどなく、そこから強大な在地の武士を生み出すこともなかった。むしろ当地は、村落の惣(そう)結合を軸にした農民諸層の活発な活動の舞台となっている。そのため彼らが耕作活動を行うなかで起こってくる水利をめぐる結び付きや村落間の争い、また土一揆(つちいっき)などの動きを示す史料が数多く残されている。

　この王朝権力の中心地に、鎌倉幕府は初め京都守護(しゅご)を置いた。承久(じょうきゅう)の乱（1221）以後は、洛中(らくちゅう)の警固と西国の訴訟を管轄するために六波羅探題(ろくはらたんだい)を設置し、それが当国内の治安維持にもあたることとして、守護は置かれなかった。次の室町幕府も、当初は守護を置かず、のちに侍所頭人(さむらいどころとうにん)の兼帯するところとなった。南北朝時代末期に至って山名氏清(やまなうじきよ)が守護となったが明徳(めいとく)の乱で滅び、以後はいずれも短期間の守護で、他の国々の守護のように国内の武士を組織して領国化するという傾向はあまりみられない。応仁(おうにん)の乱では、当地は東西両軍の主戦場となった。1485年（文明17）戦乱が続く南山城で、地侍(じざむらい)と農民が両畠山(はたけやま)軍の撤退を求めて立ち上がり、「国中掟法(くにじゅうおきて)」を定め、8年間にわたって国一揆の自治体制が維持された。山城国一揆の崩壊後は、細川氏が山城全域に支配を及ぼした。

　1568年（永禄11）の織田信長入京以後は、その有力な家臣たちの支配下に入り、また豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉は伏見(ふしみ)城と城下町を建設し、城州検地を実施した。江戸時代の当国内には淀藩以外に大きな藩がなく、ほとんどが朝廷、公家(くげ)、寺社の所領で、武家領は南山城に集中していた。京都は江戸、大坂と並ぶ大都市で多くの人口を抱えており、近郊の農村は、宇治の茶、山崎の油、伏見の酒、淀の川魚、八幡(やわた)の筍(たけのこ)をはじめ果物や野菜などの供給地となっていた。

　1868年（慶応4）淀藩領を除いて京都府が設置された。71年の廃藩置県で淀県が成立したが、これものちに廃止され京都府に入った。

［酒井紀美］

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