ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Japanese: ALS - えーえるえす(英語表記)Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A progressive neurological disease in which the nerves that control the body degenerate, impairing muscle movement throughout the body. There are 1-2.5 new cases of this disease per 100,000 people per year. It is one of the specific diseases designated by the government and eligible for public financial assistance for treatment, with approximately 9,000 recipients nationwide. The average age of onset is around 60 years old, but approximately 10% of cases occur in people under the age of 40.
Initially, symptoms include difficulty grasping objects, a tendency to fall, and slurred speech, but as the disease progresses, respiratory distress occurs due to dysfunction of the respiratory muscles. The cause is unknown, and no treatment has yet been established, but it is now possible to significantly extend life expectancy by providing tube feeding for swallowing and nutritional disorders, and by using an artificial ventilator for respiratory distress. In the past, life expectancy was considered to be until respiratory muscle paralysis occurred, and this period was thought to be about three years from the onset of the disease, but today in Japan there are many patients who have been living at home for more than 20 years since being fitted with a ventilator.
While ALS patients lose the ability to move their bodies on their own, the muscles that move the eyeballs and the sphincter muscles that tighten the urethra and anus tend to remain intact until the end. In addition, senses such as pain, temperature, sound, and smell, as well as thoughts and emotions, remain the same as before the disease. Therefore, by implementing appropriate communication methods according to individual symptoms, patients can communicate with those around them. Writing boards, oral writing boards, and methods that utilize movable muscles to input information into a computer are widely used.
The specialty responsible for treatment is neurology, but it is difficult to make a definitive diagnosis based on early symptoms, and in many cases a diagnosis is made after ruling out various diseases that cause similar symptoms through tests such as MRI and electromyograms.
In the United States, it is also called Lou Gehrig's disease because the famous Major League Baseball player Lou Gehrig had this disease. In recent years, it has come to be known internationally as ALS/MND (motor neuron disease), as it is considered to be one of the diseases that damages motor neurons.

(Writer Reiko Ishikawa / 2014)

Source : "Chiezo" published by Asahi Shimbun Publications Co., Ltd. About Chiezo

Japanese:
身体を動かす神経が変性し、全身の筋肉の動きに障害が及ぶ進行性の神経疾患。年間に新たにこの病気にかかる人は人口10万人当たり1~2.5人。国が指定し治療費の公費補助のある特定疾患の一つであり、受給者は全国に約9000人いる。発症年齢の平均は60歳ぐらいだが、40歳以下で発症する例も約1割程ある。
最初は、物をつかみにくい、転びやすい、ろれつが回らないなどの症状から始まり、進行すると呼吸筋の機能不全による呼吸困難が起こる。原因は不明で、治療法もまだ確立されていないが、嚥下障害や栄養障害に対しては経管栄養を行い、呼吸困難に対しては人工呼吸器を装着することにより、余命を大きく延ばすことが可能になっている。かつては呼吸筋まひまでが余命とされ、その期間は発症からおよそ3年とされていたが、現在日本には呼吸器を装着してから20年以上、在宅で生活している患者も多数みられる。
ALSは、自分で身体を動かせなくなっていく一方で、眼球を動かす筋肉と、尿道や肛門を引き締める括約筋は比較的最後まで保たれることが多い。また、痛みや寒暖、音やにおいなどの感覚や、思考、感情などは病前と変わらず保たれる。したがって、個別の症状に応じた適切なコミュニケーション法を実施することで、周囲の人と意思の疎通ができる。文字盤や口文字盤、可動筋肉を活用してコンピューターに入力する方法などが広く利用されている。
治療に当たる専門科は神経内科だが、初期の症状で診断を確定するのは難しく、多くは同じような症状の現れる様々な病気をMRIや筋電図などの検査によって除外した上での診断となる。
メジャーリーグの名選手、ルー・ゲーリックがこの病気だったことからアメリカではルー・ゲーリック病ともいわれている。また、近年は、運動神経(運動ニューロン)が障害される病気の一つと捉え、ALS/MND(motor neuron disease)と呼ばれることが国際的に多くなってきている。

(石川れい子  ライター / 2014年)

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