Yamashiro Province Uprising

In December 1485 (Bunmei 17), this uprising was started in Minamiyamashiro by local samurai and village headmen, joined by ordinary farmers. The Onin War, which began with the Battle of Kyoto, spread to other areas, and at the time, fighting between the armies of Hatakeyama Masanaga and Do Yoshinari continued in Kawachi and Minamiyamashiro. In particular, since October of that year, the battle situation had become stalemated with the two armies facing each other at Minamiyamashiro, and as a result, laborers and rice for soldiers were repeatedly requisitioned from the farmers, fields were ravaged, and houses were burned. Suffering from this situation, the local samurai and ordinary farmers of Minamiyamashiro joined together and requested that the two Hatakeyama armies withdraw from Minamiyamashiro. According to the entry for December 11th in the "Daijo-in Temple and Shrine Miscellaneous Records," this proposal was made at a meeting of local lords ranging in age from 60 to 15, and was decided by a crowd of local people from all over the country. At this meeting, other rules were also decided, such as not allowing the magistrates of Yamato and other provinces to be placed in the direct custody of the temple and shrine's main land, and not allowing any new barriers to be set up. In February of the following year, another meeting was held at Byodo-in Temple in Uji to further strengthen the rules, set monthly events, and put in place a system to rule the country by itself. This organization was called "Sokoku" at the time, and it tried to secure the costs of its operation by implementing a half-payment system throughout the country. However, the local samurai who were at the center of this uprising were divided into two groups: those on the side of Furuichi, who had connections with Hatakeyama Yoshinari, and those who were vassals of the Hosokawa clan, who allied with Hatakeyama Masanaga. This internal conflict intensified, and the uprising collapsed in 1493 (Meiō 2) when the Ise clan was allowed to assume the position of guardian of Yamashiro Province.

[Naonori Kurokawa]

"The Peasant Problem in the Middle Ages" by Suzuki Ryoichi (1971, Azekura Shobo)" ▽ "A Study on the Social History of Medieval Japan" by Inagaki Yasuhiko (1981, University of Tokyo Press)" ▽ "Peacock Rebellions" edited by Minegishi Sumio (Symposium on Japanese History 9, 1974, Gakuseisha)" ▽ "Peacock Rebellions and Civil War" edited by Inagaki Yasuhiko and Toda Yoshimi (History of the Japanese People 2, 1975, Sanseido)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

1485年（文明17）12月、南山城で地侍(じざむらい)・名主(みょうしゅ)を中心に一般農民が加わって起こされた一揆。京都の合戦に始まった応仁文明(おうにんぶんめい)の乱は各地に広がり、当時河内(かわち)や南山城では畠山政長(はたけやままさなが)・同義就(よしなり)両軍による戦乱が続いていた。ことに同年10月以来、両軍は南山城で対陣したまま戦況は膠着(こうちゃく)状態に入ってしまい、そのため農民からは繰り返し人夫・兵粮米(ひょうろうまい)が徴発され、田畑は荒らされ民家は焼き払われた。このような状態に苦しめられた南山城の地侍や一般の農民たちは共同し、両畠山軍に南山城から撤退するように申し入れた。この申し入れは、『大乗院(だいじょういん)寺社雑事記(ぞうじき)』12月11日条によると、上は60歳から下は15歳に及ぶ国人(こくじん)が集会し、一国中の土民(どみん)が群集して決められたという。この集会では、ほかに寺社本所領は直務として大和(やまと)以下他国の代官を入れないこと、新関をいっさいたてないことなどを掟法(おきて)として定めた。さらに翌年2月には宇治平等院(うじびょうどういん)で再度の集会を開いて掟法の充実を図り、月行事を定めて自ら国を支配する体制を整えた。この組織は当時「惣国(そうごく)」とよばれ、その運営の費用は国中に半済(はんぜい)を実施することによって確保しようとした。しかし、この一揆の中心となった地侍たちは、それぞれ畠山義就に通じる古市(ふるいち)方の者と、畠山政長にくみした細川氏の被官に分かれており、この内部矛盾が激化し、1493年（明応2）伊勢(いせ)氏の山城国守護就任を認めることによって一揆は崩壊した。

［黒川直則］

『鈴木良一著『中世の農民問題』（1971・校倉書房）』▽『稲垣泰彦著『日本中世社会史論』（1981・東京大学出版会）』▽『峰岸純夫編『土一揆』（『シンポジウム日本歴史9』1974・学生社）』▽『稲垣泰彦・戸田芳実編『土一揆と内乱』（『日本民衆の歴史2』1975・三省堂）』

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