Along with Heidegger, he is one of the leading German existential philosophers. [Yoshiaki Utsunomiya April 17, 2015] LifeHe was born on February 23rd in Oldenburg, near the North Sea coast of northern Germany, as the son of a banker. He entered university in 1901 and studied law with the aim of becoming a lawyer, but in 1902 he decided to transfer to medical school. He continued to study medicine at the universities of Berlin, Göttingen, and Heidelberg until 1908, earning his medical degree for "Nostalgia and Crime." He continued to work at the psychiatric department of the University of Heidelberg, and in 1913 he wrote "General Psychopathology," establishing his position as a psychopathologist. During this time he became friends with Max Weber, and his interest in philosophy deepened. In 1916 he became a professor of psychology at the University of Heidelberg and published "The Psychology of the World View" (1919), but in 1921 he became a professor of philosophy, which he had longed for, and thereafter devoted himself to philosophical contemplation. After a period of silence of ten years, he published his major work "Philosophy," which consisted of three volumes, following "The Contemporary Mental Situation." This established his reputation as an existential philosopher. However, times were already dark. Because his wife was Jewish, the Nazis excluded him from participating in university administration in 1933, and in 1937 he was expelled from his professorship. After publishing his lectures in Frankfurt in 1938 as "Existential Philosophy," he was forced to remain silent until the end of World War II. In April 1945, before the end of World War II, the US army occupied Heidelberg. Jaspers returned to his post and worked to rebuild the university. He also lectured on "The Problem of Sin," reflecting on the German people's wartime sins. His intellectual activities, which he had continued during the war, intensified after the war, and together with Heidegger, he had a great influence on the postwar German philosophical world. In 1948, he left Heidelberg, where he had lived for many years, to become a professor at the University of Basel in Switzerland. He remained in Basel even after retiring in 1961, and died on February 26, 1969. His postwar philosophical works include his second major work, On Truth (1947), as well as Philosophical Faith (1948), Introduction to Philosophy (1950), Schelling (1955), Volume 1 of The Great Philosophers (1957), and Philosophical Faith in the Face of Revelation (1962). [Yoshiaki Utsunomiya April 17, 2015] Writings and ThoughtsHis major work, Philosophy, is a large work that conveys Jaspers's entire existential thought, and according to it, the task of philosophy is to transcend from the world to the transcendent while transforming one's consciousness of existence. In the first volume, Philosophical Orientation of the World, Jaspers reflects on world knowledge and abandons the world-immanent attitude that "the world is everything, and scientific knowledge is all certainty," taking the first step toward transforming one's consciousness of existence. In the second volume, Illumination of Existence, human existence, which is not dissolved by the existence of the world, is illuminated from within, and it is shown that it is never a self-sufficient existence. In other words, existence despairs at its own finiteness when faced with "limit situations" that humans cannot escape, such as death, suffering, conflict, and sin, but at the same time, existence turns its eyes to the true reality presided over by the transcendent, transforms its consciousness of existence, and is reborn into its original self-existence. In the third volume, Metaphysics, the question is asked of the form in which the transcendent reveals itself to existence, and the final stage of transcendence, decryption, is reached. Here, everything becomes a code for the transcendent, and existence confirms the reality of the transcendent by decrypting these codes. After Philosophy, Jaspers placed emphasis on reason as well as existence, and argued that philosophy from existence should also be a philosophy based on reason. However, his second major work, On Truth, emphasizes reason, regards existence itself as a comprehensive entity, and elucidates its various forms. Jaspers' philosophy is supported by a humanism that values the dignity of the individual, and from this standpoint he also actively speaks out about issues of history, politics, and religion. His works in this field include The Origin and Goal of History (1949) and The Atomic Bomb and the Future of Man (1958). [Yoshiaki Utsunomiya April 17, 2015] "Selected Works of Jaspers, 37 volumes (1961-1985, Risosha)" [References] | [Chronology] | [Supplementary material] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ハイデッガーと並んでドイツの実存哲学を代表する哲学者。 [宇都宮芳明 2015年4月17日] 生涯2月23日、北ドイツの北海沿岸に近いオルデンブルクに銀行家の子として生まれる。1901年大学に入り、弁護士を目ざして法学を学ぶが、翌1902年医学部への転部を決意、以後1908年までベルリン、ゲッティンゲン、ハイデルベルクの各大学で医学を学び、「郷愁と犯罪」で医学の学位を得た。引き続きハイデルベルク大学の精神科医局に勤務、1913年『精神病理学総論』を著し、精神病理学者としての地位を確立した。この間マックス・ウェーバーと親交を結び、哲学への関心もますます深くなる。1916年ハイデルベルク大学で心理学担当の教授となって『世界観の心理学』(1919)を発表するが、1921年には念願の哲学教授となり、以後哲学的思索に没頭、10年の沈黙期間ののち、『現代の精神的状況』に続いて3巻からなる主著『哲学』を公表し、これによって実存哲学者としての盛名は揺るぎないものとなった。 しかし時代はすでに暗く、妻がユダヤ人であることから、1933年ナチスにより大学運営への参加から締め出され、1937年には教授の職から追放、1938年フランクフルトでの講演を『実存哲学』として公刊したのちは、第二次世界大戦終了に至るまで沈黙を強いられた。 1945年4月、第二次大戦終結に先だってアメリカ軍がハイデルベルクを占領、ヤスパースは復職して大学の再興に尽力し、また戦争中のドイツ人の罪を反省した「罪の問題」を講義した。大戦中も継続していた思索活動は戦後いっそう旺盛(おうせい)となり、ハイデッガーとともに、戦後のドイツ哲学界に大きな影響を与えた。1948年には長年住みなれたハイデルベルクを離れ、スイスのバーゼル大学教授となり、1961年退職後もバーゼルにとどまり、1969年2月26日死を迎えた。戦後の哲学的著作としては、第二の主著『真理について』(1947)のほかに、『哲学的信仰』(1948)、『哲学入門』(1950)、『シェリング』(1955)、『偉大な哲学者たち』第1巻(1957)、『啓示に面しての哲学的信仰』(1962)などがある。 [宇都宮芳明 2015年4月17日] 著作と思想主著『哲学』は、ヤスパースの実存思想の全体を伝える大著であるが、それによると哲学の課題は、存在意識を変革しつつ世界から超越者へと超越していくことにある。すなわち第1巻『哲学的世界定位』では、世界知についての反省の結果、「世界がすべてであり、科学的認識が確実性のすべてである」とする世界内在的な態度が放棄され、存在意識変革の第一歩が踏み出される。ついで第2巻『実存照明』では、世界存在に解消されない人間の実存が内部から照らし出され、それがけっして自足した存在ではないことが示される。つまり実存は、死、悩み、争い、罪といった、人間が免れることのできない「限界状況」に面して自らの有限性に絶望するが、しかしそれと同時に実存は超越者が主宰する真の現実へと目を向け、存在意識を変革しつつ、本来の自己存在へと回生する。第3巻『形而上(けいじじょう)学』では、超越者が実存に対して自らをどのような形で開示するかが問われ、超越の最終段階である「暗号解読」に到達する。ここではすべてが超越者の暗号となり、実存はこれらの暗号の解読という形で超越者の現実を確認するのである。『哲学』以後、ヤスパースは実存とともに理性を重視し、実存からの哲学はまた理性による哲学であるべきだとするが、第二の主著『真理について』は、理性の側に力点を置き、存在そのものを包括者としてとらえ、その諸様態を解明したものである。こうしたヤスパースの哲学は、全体として、個人の尊厳を重んじるヒューマニズムに支えられており、彼はこの立場からまた歴史や政治や宗教の問題についても積極的に発言した。この方面の著作には『歴史の起源と目標』(1949)、『原子爆弾と人間の未来』(1958)などがある。 [宇都宮芳明 2015年4月17日] 『『ヤスパース選集』全37巻(1961〜1985・理想社)』 [参照項目] | [年表] | [補完資料] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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