A type of writing system that records things using ropes and their knots. In ancient China, knotted ropes were used to sign government decrees instead of letters, and this was called "knotted rope government." Examples of this system of notating numbers being used in cultures without writing include North and South America, Australia, and Japan. [Yoshiro Masuda] Okinawa knotting ropeIn Okinawa, there is a system of numbers written with knotted rope called straw calculation (wara-san) or san, which was probably used before the old feudal domain era, but because of the policy of banning characters for farmers, it became widely used among the Okinawan people under the rule of the Shimazu Domain. San were made from straw, rush, and the aerial roots of the octopus tree. Their main function was to record numbers, such as population, tribute amounts, size of timber, and number of livestock. In particular, from the old feudal domain era, when the poll tax was imposed, until around 1903 (Meiji 36), when it was abolished, they were widely used as tax notices and records for tax collectors, but from the people's point of view, they also had the purpose of recording tax amounts using san and comparing them with the original ledgers of the breweries to prevent officials from collecting them illegally. San methods varied from island to island, but there were two types: in-line and bundled. A common method was to tie a rope or straw with a loop at the end to represent 1, 10, 100, 1000, etc. ( ). San has fallen out of use today, but pawnshops in Naha and other areas continued to use knots in the string used to tie pawned items and record the month of pawning and the amount of money until before World War II. In Yaeyama and its outlying islands, straw arithmetic is still used for ceremonial purposes. That is, the number of parishioners is tied to a rope and offered at the Utaki ceremony along with rice offerings.[Yoshiro Masuda] South American knotsKnotted ropes were also widely used in the Inca culture (15th to early 16th century) that flourished in the central Andes region of South America. Knotted ropes were called quipu or khipu, and were used in pre-Inca times as well, when they were used by the common people to indicate things like grain harvests and the number of livestock. However, when the Inca Empire was established as a large organization, their use became more complex, and a group of experts called khipu kamayoq (quipu camayoc) was formed to manage the statistical records required by the state. The rope used for quipu was made by twisting together cotton or wool. Usually, one end is knotted and the other end is made into a loop. First, a thick rope is prepared, and the looped end of the thinner rope is tied to it as shown in (1). Inca culture used a strict decimal system, and the numbers from 1 to 9 were represented by the number of knots in the thin rope ( (2)), and numbers above 10 were represented by place value. Usually, the knot furthest from the thick rope represents the 1st place, and the knots closer to the thick rope represent the 10th place, 100th place, and so on. Also, some of the thinner ropes were tied to the loops at the end of other ropes to make branches ( (3)). This represents the total number of all the thin ropes ( (4)). Auxiliary ropes were attached to these upper and lower ropes as necessary. Overall, the quipu numbering system can be tabulated as shown in (5). In this way, several to hundreds of thin ropes were attached to one thick rope, and the thin ropes were colored to record various types of statistics. The meaning of the colors is unclear. Some Spanish chroniclers and scholars have mentioned it, for example, that yellow represented gold, white represented silver, and green represented warriors, but this is not very reliable. According to one chronicler, the quipu was used not only for numerical notation, but also as an auxiliary means to record historical events. The kipukamayok survived into the Spanish colonial period, but eventually disappeared. However, the kipuk continued to be used by pastoralists and farmers in the highlands into the 20th century.[Yoshiro Masuda] "M. & R. Asher Code of the Quipe (1981, Ann Arbor & R.)" ©Shogakukan "> Okinawan knotted rope (straw calculation) [Figure A] ©Shogakukan "> Inca knot rope (Kipu) [Figure B] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
縄およびその結びによってものを記録する一種の文字。中国古代に、文字のかわりに縄を結んで政令の符号としたことを「結縄の政(まつりごと)」とよんだというが、文字のない文化において、この数の表記法が用いられた例は、南北アメリカ、オーストラリア、日本などで知られている。 [増田義郎] 沖縄の結縄沖縄では、藁算(わらさん)またはサンとよばれる結縄による数字の表記があり、おそらく旧藩時代以前から用いられていたらしいが、農民に対する禁字政策が行われたため、島津藩支配下の沖縄の民衆の間で広く用いられた。サンは藁、藺(い)、タコノキの気根などを材料としてつくられた。そのおもな機能は数字の記録にあり、人口、貢納額、材木の大きさ、家畜の頭数などが示された。とくに人頭税が課せられた旧藩時代から、それが廃止された1903年(明治36)ごろまで、納税の告知や徴税吏の記録として広く使用されたが、民衆の側からすれば、役人による不正徴収を防止するため、サンによって税額を記録し、蔵元の原簿と照合させる意味もあった。サンの方法は島によってまちまちだったが、直列型と束ね型の2種類があり、また、1、10、100、1000などを表すのに縄や藁の先端を輪で結ぶなどの方法は共通していた( )。サンは今日では廃れて用いられないが、那覇などの質屋で、質物をくくる紐(ひも)に結び目をつくり、質入れ月や金高を記録する方法は第二次世界大戦前まで行われた。また八重山(やえやま)やその離島では、藁算の儀礼的使用が残っている。すなわち、御算(うたき)に奉納米とともに氏子の数を縄に結んで供えるのである。[増田義郎] 南アメリカの結縄南アメリカの中央アンデス地方に栄えたインカ文化(15~16世紀初め)でも結縄は広く用いられた。結縄はキープquipu, khipuとよばれ、先インカ期にも使用例があって、民衆間で穀類の収穫高や家畜の頭数などを表すのに使われていたらしいが、インカ帝国という一大組織が成立するに及んでその使用が複雑化し、キープカマヨックkhipu kamayoq, quipu camayocとよばれる専門家集団が形成されて、国家機関で必要とする統計記録を管理するようになった。キープに用いられた縄は、綿または羊毛を撚(よ)り合わせてつくった。通常、一端は結び、他の端は輪状にする。まず太い縄を用意し、より細い縄の輪状の端を の(1)のように結び付ける。インカ文化においては厳密な十進法が用いられ、細い縄の結び目の数によって1から9までの数が表され( の(2))、位取りによって10以上の数が表記された。通常は太縄からもっとも遠い結び目が1位の数を表し、近づくにつれ10位、100位の数が表された。また、いくつかの細縄に別の縄の端の輪をからげて枝をつくった( の(3))。これは、からげた細縄全部が示す数の合計を表す( の(4))。これら上下の細縄には、必要に応じて補助縄をつけた。そこで全体として、キープの数字表記システムは、 の(5)のようにテーブル化できる。このようにして、1本の太縄に数本から数百本の細縄がつけられ、さらに細縄は着色されて、さまざまの種類の統計が記録された。着色がどのような意味をもっていたのかは不明である。何人かのスペイン人記録者や学者がそれについて言及し、たとえば黄色は金、白は銀、緑は戦士を表す、などといっているが、信憑(しんぴょう)性は薄い。また、ある記録者によると、キープは数字表記だけでなく、歴史的な事件を記録するための補助手段としても使われたという。キープカマヨックはスペイン植民地時代まで残存したが、やがて消滅した。しかし高原地方の牧民、農民の間では、キープは20世紀まで使用され続けた。[増田義郎] 『M. & R. AsherCode of the Quipe (1981, Ann Arbor & R.)』 ©Shogakukan"> 沖縄の結縄(藁算)〔図A〕 ©Shogakukan"> インカの結縄(キープ)〔図B〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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